World population by years. The growth of the world's population and its mathematical model

Contents: I. Statistics: 1) The number of inhabitants of the Earth in general and Europe in particular; 2) Population density; 3) Placement of the population; 4) The composition of the population: a) by sex, b) by age, c) by sex and age, d) by sex, age and marital status; ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (population) in demography, the totality of people living on Earth (population of the Earth) or within a specific territory of a continent, country, region, etc. Population is continuously renewed during reproduction ... Wikipedia

The population of the Federal Republic of Germany is 81,802,000 (2009). Germany is the most populated country in the European Union. On May 9, 2011, for the first time since the reunification of Germany, a general population census was carried out. Contents 1 ... ... Wikipedia

Pays de la Loire ... Wikipedia

The population of the districts of the Pskov region ... Wikipedia

The population of the Udmurt Republic, as of October 14, 2010, was 1,521,420 people. Udmurtia ranks 29th in terms of population among the subjects of the Russian Federation. According to preliminary results, for the first time in ... ... Wikipedia

- (Western Loire, Loire District, Pays de la Loire, fr. Pays de la Loire) a region in western France (see France), includes the departments of Mayenne, Sarthe, Maine and Loire, Atlantic Loire and Vendée. The region is located in the lower reaches of the Loire and on the coast ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

It is very diverse in its composition, which reflects the history of the country's development. As of July 2008, the state's population was estimated at 1,231,323. Contents 1 Demographic history ... Wikipedia

Population. Economically active population- The economically active population of Latin American countries includes all employed, unemployed and job seekers for the first time (the working-age population, in accordance with conventionally established age limits, in Latin America ... ...

Population. Urbanization- Cities created before European colonization were destroyed in the process. The cities founded by the Spaniards and the Portuguese had mainly administrative, military, commercial and religious functions. By 1900 in Latin America in cities ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "Latin America"

Books

• The population of the steppe interfluve between the Danube and the Dniester at the end of the 8th - beginning of the 11th centuries A.D. e. Balkan-Danubian culture, V. I. Kozlov. The book summarizes information about the Balkan-Danubian archaeological culture in the steppe interfluve of the Danube and the Dniester, the carriers of which are directly connected with the history of the early medieval Bulgarian…
• The population of rural communities and the amount of arable allotment land they have,. The population of rural communities and the amount of arable allotment land they have according to an 1893 survey of rural communities in 46 provinces of European Russia. Temporary of the Central Statistical…

Which after 2006 had a population of more than 300 million people. (more than the post-Soviet countries combined); Indonesia, Brazil occupy the fourth and fifth place in terms of population; Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia are ranked sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth, respectively.

Billions [ | ]

Population by country

Largest countries in the world by population[ | ]

Countries with a population of over 80 million as of 2016:

№	A country	Population
1	China	1 395 602 389
2	India	1 359 204 088
3	USA	330 936 453
4	Indonesia	270 122 854
5	Brazil	215 038 337
6	Pakistan	204 177 001
7	Nigeria	201 002 595
8	Bangladesh	168 310 241
9	Russia	146 523 559
10	Mexico	133 659 800
11	Japan	126 053 706
12	Ethiopia	109 110 128
13	Philippines	106 767 239
14	Egypt	99 192 857
15	Vietnam	97 413 943
16	Democratic Republic of the Congo	86 778 712
17	Iran	82 919 521
18	Germany	81 413 869

Population in past eras[ | ]

According to the famous demographer Paul Ehrlich, about 5 million people lived on the planet 10,000 years ago. It took 10,000 years for the number of inhabitants of the planet to reach 2 billion (1930), and 44 years to double this number (1974), which gave rise to talk about a population explosion.

Table with population estimates in various historical eras. Data are given in thousands Human.

Year	General (thousand)	Africa (thousand)	Asia (thousand)	Europe (thousand)	Central and South America (thousand)	Northern America (thousand)	Australia and Oceania (thousand)	Note.
8000 BC e.	5 000	450	2 000	2 500
4000 BC e.	7 000
1000 BC e.	50 000
500 BC e.	100 000
1 n. e.	300 000	35 000	196 000	60 000	4 000	500	4 500
1000	400 000
1750	791 000	106 000	502 000	163 000	16 000	2 000	2 000
1800	1 000 000	107 000	657 000	203 000	24 000	7 000	2 000
1850	1 262 000	111 000	809 000	276 000	38 000	26 000	2 000
1900	1 650 000	133 000	947 000	408 000	74 000	82 000	6 000
1950	2 518 629	221 214	1 398 488	547 403	167 097	171 616	12 812
1955	2 755 823	246 746	1 541 947	575 184	190 797	186 884	14 265
1960	3 021 475	277 398	1 701 336	604 401	218 300	204 152	15 888
1965	3 334 874	313 744	1 899 424	634 026	250 452	219 570	17 657
1970	3 692 492	357 283	2 143 118	655 855	284 856	231 937	19 443
1975	4 068 109	408 160	2 397 512	675 542	321 906	243 425	21 564
1980	4 434 682	469 618	2 632 335	692 431	361 401	256 068	22 828
1985	4 830 979	541 814	2 887 552	706 009	401 469	269 456	24 678
1990	5 263 593	622 443	3 167 807	721 582	441 525	283 549	26 687
1995	5 674 380	707 462	3 430 052	727 405	481 099	299 438	28 924
2000	6 070 581	795 671	3 679 737	727 986	520 229	315 915	31 043
2005	6 343 628	887 964	3 787 508	724 722	558 281	332 156	32 998
2013	7 162 119	1 110 635	4 298 723	742 452	616 644	355 361	38 304
2030 (forecast)	8 551 000	1 704 000	4 947 000	739 000	718 000	395 000	48 000
2050 (forecast)	9 772 000	2 528 000	5 257 000	716 000	780 000	435 000	57 000
2100 (forecast)	11 184 000	4 468 000	4 780 000	653 000	712 000	499 000	72 000

Note:

Since the authors of population projections, the US research organization (" US Census Bureau”) continually adjusts its projections to reflect changing demographics in different countries, the forecast figures in the table may differ slightly from the source's current data.

Demographic projections[ | ]

One of the most accurate population projections was made by the English biologist Julian Huxley. In 1964, based on calculations, he concluded that by the year 2000 the world's population would reach 6 billion people. The United Nations Population Fund announced that on October 12, 1999 the world's population was 6 billion people. On October 31, 2011, the UN declared Seven Billion Day.

The most significant population decline until 2050 is projected by the UN (2014) in Germany, China, Poland, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Thailand, Japan, Ukraine, and in the newly industrialized countries of East, Southeast and West Asia. Russian sociologist Igor Beloborodov believes that in the near future the world will face a global depopulation of the population with catastrophic consequences both in the economy and in the global geopolitical system. He considers the main reason for the depopulation to be the “crisis of family and spiritual and moral values” (abortions, divorces, “propaganda of homosexuality”); at the same time, he does not consider economic reasons (decrease in the standard of living in large families, unemployment) and does not indicate what kind of catastrophic consequences depopulation will cause.

Director of the Institute of Demography of the Higher School of Economics, Anatoly Vishnevsky, on the contrary, believes that natural depopulation is a positive trend on a global scale. The best way to maintain a stable standard of living for the entire population of the planet in the future in the face of growing social inequality, increasing anthropogenic pressure on the environment, as well as the impending depletion of non-renewable resources, is a gradual return to the population of the Earth, which was in the middle of the 20th century (about 2.5 billion people): This means that for some, quite a long time, all of humanity must move to a birth rate that will be below the level of simple replacement of generations.» .

According to the forecast of another Russian expert, Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology of Moscow State University, A. B. Sinelnikov, the depopulation of the indigenous population of Russia and the unlimited influx of foreign labor migrants from the densely populated countries of the Caucasus, Central Asia and China will lead to the fact that immigrants, together with their descendants, will be in the second half of the XXI century, the majority of the population of Russia. A similar situation is emerging in a number of Western European countries.

According to the calculations of the developer of the mathematical model of the growth of the Earth's population, S. P. Kapitsa, around 2135 the world population will stabilize with a total population of 12-14 billion people. According to UN estimates, stabilization will come around 2100 with a population of 11 billion. The specified population, while maintaining the current rate of consumption of natural resources, according to Anatoly Vishnevsky, can lead to the depletion of non-renewable resources, as a result of which humanity can be put on the brink of survival by 2100, with a landslide drop in numbers to 2-3 billion.

General growth trends[ | ]

In fact, the population not only grew, but also at times decreased in leaps and bounds due to destructive wars, protracted conflicts and epidemics. With overpopulation, climate change and the depletion of food resources, once crowded settlements often turned into forgotten ruins, as happened in ancient times in the regions of the Sahara. However, this did not affect the general trend in the growth of the world's population. According to the research of S.P. Kapitsa, despite the fact that world wars in the 20th century led to the death of about 100 million people (5% of the world's population), and from the "black death" - a plague pandemic - 30% of the population of Europe died out in the 14th century , " humanity has always made up for losses very quickly and returned to its former growth trajectory» . Until the II millennium AD. e. the population was most concentrated in the subtropical zones of the Mediterranean and Asia (Mesopotamia, Ancient India, Ancient China) between 20 ° and 40 ° N. sh. , in the II millennium, the largest (a hundredfold in England and on the plains of the Rhine) population growth occurred in the forest-steppe and broad-leaved forests (regions with a temperate climate). Since the beginning of the 21st century, almost all population growth (about 97%) has been in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Starting from the 1960s, the relative population growth rates began to decline, and another type of growth came to replace the global hyperbolic demographic growth - logistical - which can be considered a completely logical result of the global demographic transition. At the same time, however, the absolute annual population growth decreases slightly; it reached its peak in 1990 - 87.4 million people, in 2002 the increase was 74 million, in 2014 - about 87 million. In fact, every year the population of a large country such as Germany is added to the population of the Earth.

see also [ | ]

• The law of hyperbolic growth of the population of the Earth

Notes [ | ]

1. World Population Clock: 7.6 Billion People (2017) - Worldometers(English) . www.worldometers.info. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
2. Expert portal of the Higher School of Economics
3. Population Reference Bureau. 2014 World population data sheet (English) // Population Reference Bureau: pdf. - S. 2.
4. The world population growth rate is declining, but the absolute number of inhabitants of the planet is still growing rapidly (indefinite) . demoscope.ru. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
5. UN: the world's population has reached 7.2 billion // Vesti Ekonomika
6. In 2009, the number of city dwellers for the first time equaled the number of rural dwellers, amounting to 3.4 billion people.
7. The world's population will grow, age, live longer and migrate less // OPEC.ru: Expert website of the Higher School of Economics
8. The population of the Earth in 2100 will be 11 billion people. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
9. World Population Hits 6 Billion
10. Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges - BBC News
11. World Population Clock has been redesigned and relocated (indefinite) (unavailable link). Date of access 23 August 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015.
12. • Ch. 5: Population Size and Composition// World Population Prospects, the 2000 Revision. - United Nations Population Division. - Vol. Vol III. - P. 171.
    • Executive Summary// World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision Volume III: Analytical Report (eng.) . - 2002.
    • World Population to 2300 (indefinite). - New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division, 2004. - S. 3, 14.
    • World Population: 1950–2050 (indefinite). - United States Census Bureau, 2010. - June. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013.
    • 2009 World Population Data Sheet (indefinite). - Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau (English)Russian, 2009.
13. Total fertility estimates, 1950–2010 (indefinite) . UN Population Division (April 2011). Retrieved June 14, 2012.
14. How many people have lived on Earth throughout history (indefinite) . New News. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
15. US Census Bureau, Demographic Internet Staff. International Programs, Country Rank(indefinite) (unavailable link). www.census.gov. Retrieved February 1, 2016. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013.
16. CIA data
17. Chinese Official Population Clock
18. Indian Official Population Clock

"The population of the world ... What associations do everyone who hears this phrase have?" asks author Irene N. in her article. Further, she claims that every 0.24 seconds another baby is born on our planet, and in an hour the world's population is replenished by more than 15 thousand newborns. And almost every minute (0.56 seconds) a person dies, and our world loses almost 6.5 thousand people per hour.
On this topic, I found it interesting that Ph.D. Monty White, who claims that the population of the Earth increased to seven billion during exactly the period indicated in the Bible. However, read below.

Everything is very simple - ordinary arithmetic speaks of the absolute mathematical reasonableness of the young age of the earth.

Creationists are often asked, "How could the earth's population reach 6.5 billion people if the earth is only about 6,000 years old, and if only two people lived on it at the very beginning?" Let's see what simple arithmetic tells us.

One plus one equals billions

Let's start from the beginning - with one man and one woman. Now suppose they get married and have kids, and then their kids get married and have kids too. Let's also assume that the population doubles every 150 years. Therefore, in 150 years, four people will live on earth, in another 150 years, eight people, and in another 150 years, sixteen people, and so on. It should be noted that this rate of population growth is actually very conservative. In fact, even accounting for disease, famine, and natural disasters, the population has recently doubled approximately every 40 years.1

After 32 times the population doubling, which is only 4800 years, the world population would reach almost 8.6 billion people. This is 2 billion more people than lives on earth today, namely 6.5 billion people. This figure was recorded on March 1, 2006 by the US Census Bureau.2 This simple calculation shows that if you start with Adam and Eve and take into account the standard population growth rate that we just noted above, then the modern population figure could perfectly be achieved for 6000 years.

Influence of the Flood

However, we know from the Bible that around 2500 BC (4,500 years ago) the global Flood reduced the number of people on earth to eight people.3 But if we assume that the population doubles every 150 years, we again see that if to start counting with Noah's family in 2500 BC, 4500 years would be more than enough for the current population to reach 6.5 billion.

From two people who were created 6,000 years ago, and then from eight people who were on board Noah's Ark about 4,500 years ago, the world's population could easily have grown to the figure we celebrate today - more than 6.5 billion people.

Evolutionists always tell us that humans have been on earth for hundreds of thousands of years. If we still assume that people have existed for about 50,000 years and use the above calculation method, the result would be that the population doubled 332 times, and the number of people on earth would be simply enormous - the number followed by one hundred zeros 100 ; that is:

10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000.

This number is actually simply impossible to imagine, since it is billions of times greater than the number of atoms in the entire universe! Such a calculation shows how meaningless is the statement that people have existed on earth for tens of thousands of years.

Everything is very simple - ordinary arithmetic speaks of the absolute mathematical reasonableness of the young age of the earth. From two people who were created 6,000 years ago, and then from eight people who were on board Noah's Ark about 4,500 years ago, the world's population could easily have grown to the figure we celebrate today - more than 6.5 billion people.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences S. KAPITSA (Institute for Physical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences).

Of all the global problems that concern humanity, the issue of world population growth seems to be one of the main ones. The population size expresses the total result of all the economic, social and cultural activities of a person that make up his history. Demography is capable of providing only quantitative data, without describing the patterns of human development. Sergei Petrovich Kapitsa tried to fill this gap by creating a mathematical model of the world demographic process. The model shows that the rate of population growth does not depend on external conditions, explains the causes of the current sharp surge in the birth rate ("demographic transition"), and predicts that in the near future the world's population will stop growing, stopping at about 14 billion people. On February 14, Sergei Petrovich turned 70 years old. The editors of the journal congratulate their author on his jubilee and wish him many years of fruitful work.

This is how the world population grew according to demographic data (1) and the theoretical model (2), starting from 1600 BC (R. Kh.).

World population growth from 1750 to 2150, averaged over decades: 1 - developing countries, 2 - developed countries.

Different scenarios of human development predict the nature of population growth in different ways.

The growth of the world's population from the emergence of man to the foreseeable future, according to demographers.

Demographers predict that after the year 2000 the age composition of the world's population will begin to undergo dramatic changes. The number of people under the age of 14 will fall (1), and those over 65 will grow (2), and by the end of the next century, our planet will "get old" a lot.

Human development on a logarithmic time scale.

History has always described the past as a chain of events and processes in which we were primarily interested in what exactly happened, the qualitative side of the matter, and quantitative characteristics were of secondary importance. It was so, first of all, because the accumulation of facts and concepts must precede their quantitative characteristics. However, sooner or later they must penetrate history, and not as an illustration of this or that event, but as a way of a deeper understanding of the historical process. To do this, it is necessary to begin to consider history as a process of system development.

In recent decades, this so-called systemic approach has become widespread. It was developed first in physics to describe the behavior of systems of many particles, then it came to chemistry and biology, and later it began to be used to study social and economic phenomena. However, it was believed that it was not suitable for describing the development of mankind, because only by understanding the mechanism of demographic processes well, it is possible to explain them, measure their characteristics, and move from the particular to the general.

But it was for humanity as a whole that such an approach turned out to be unproductive. It was not clear what was to be measured, and there were no clear quantitative data. Already in the economy, fundamental difficulties arose in the quantitative comparison of heterogeneous concepts, such as labor and goods, raw materials and information, and in history only the course of time in the past is clearly traced.

However, there is one parameter that is as universal as time and applies to all eras - population. In life, we refer to it very often. Arriving in another city, we are interested in how many inhabitants there are, and having gathered in an unfamiliar country, we will certainly find out what its population is. In the 1930s, there were two billion people on the planet, but now there are almost six billion of us. But we rarely remember the population in the historical past. So, in 1700, there were ten times fewer people on Earth than today, and how many of them lived then in Russia, hardly anyone will immediately answer, although almost everyone knows the years of the reign of Peter I.

But just the size of the population is closely connected with all the economic, social and cultural activities of mankind, which make up its history. Thus, quantitative demographic data provide a universal key to understanding the past. They make it possible to find an answer, albeit a limited one, to a clearly posed question about the mechanism of human development as a whole.

In a world where 21 people are born and 18 die every second, the world's population is increasing by 250,000 people every day, and almost all of this increase is in developing countries. The growth rate is so high - approaching ninety million a year - that it has come to be seen as a population explosion that could shake the planet. It is the continuous increase in the world's population that requires ever-increasing production of food and energy, the consumption of mineral resources and leads to ever-increasing pressure on the planet's biosphere. The image of rampant population growth, if naively extrapolated into the future, leads to disturbing predictions and even apocalyptic scenarios for the global future of mankind. However, it is clear that development in the foreseeable future - and this is precisely what is of greatest interest - can only be determined by correctly describing the past of mankind.

Humanity is currently undergoing a so-called demographic transition. This phenomenon consists in a sharp increase in the rate of population growth, then its equally rapid decrease and in the stabilization of the population. The demographic transition is accompanied by the growth of productive forces, the movement of significant masses of the population from villages to cities, and a sharp change in the age composition of the population. In today's interconnected and interdependent world, it will end in less than a hundred years and will pass much faster than in Europe, where a similar process began at the end of the 18th century. Now the transition covers most of the world's population, it has already ended in the so-called developed countries and now it is only in developing countries.

WORLD POPULATION AS A SYSTEM

To consider the population of the world as a system, as a single closed object, which is sufficient to characterize the number of people at a given moment, was considered impossible for a long time. Many demographers saw in humanity only the sum of the population of all countries, which does not have the meaning of an objective dynamic characteristic.

The key concept for a system is interaction. But it is the modern world, with its migration flows, transport, information and trade links that unite everyone into one whole, that can be considered as an interacting system. This approach is also true in relation to the past: even when there were much fewer people and the world was largely divided, individual regions still slowly but surely interacted, remaining a system.

Applying the concept of a system, it is necessary to determine what processes and at what speed occur in it. Thus, the emergence of ethnic groups and the separation of dialects and languages ​​occur in their own time scale. The division of mankind into races took longer, and the formation of a global demographic system takes even longer. Finally, the processes of biological evolution, determined by the genetic nature of man, are the slowest. There are reasons to assert that over a million years man has changed little biologically, and the main development and self-organization of mankind took place in the social and technological sphere.

Almost all parts of the Earth that are convenient for this are the habitat of mankind. In terms of numbers, we are five orders of magnitude ahead of all animals comparable to us in terms of size and nutrition (except, perhaps, only domestic animals, the number of which is artificially maintained). Mankind long ago created its own environment and separated from the rest of the biosphere. But now, when human activity has acquired a global scale, the question of its impact on nature has arisen with all its urgency. That is why it is very important to understand what factors determine the growth in the number of people on the planet.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF POPULATION GROWTH

The creation of a model does not consist in fitting formulas to certain numerical data, but in the search for mathematical images that express the behavior of the system and correspond to the task. This process of consistent model building is best developed in theoretical physics, which describes reality as a solution to systems of certain equations (see "Science and Life" Nos. 2, 3, 1997).

The very possibility of using the methods of theoretical physics to build a demographic model that can grow to the status of a theory seems far from obvious, rather even incredible. Nevertheless, for the population of the Earth, when many different factors and circumstances interact, such an approach is quite feasible precisely because of the complexity of the system. Random deviations in space and time will be averaged, and the main patterns will become visible, on which the dynamics of world population growth objectively depends.

We will characterize the population of the world at time T by the number of people N. We will consider the growth process over a significant time interval - a very large number of generations, so as not to take into account either the life expectancy of a person or the distribution of people by age and sex. Under such conditions, it can be assumed that population growth is self-similar (or, as they say, self-similar), that is, according to the same law at different time scales and the number of people. And this means that the relative growth rate of the number of people on the planet is constant and can be described not by the exponent that underlies so many models, but only by a power law.

The extent to which exponential growth is inapplicable can be seen from the following example. Let's assume that humanity doubled in the past in the same 40 years as it does today. Let us estimate when such a process could begin. To do this, we express the world population as a power of two: 5.7. 10 9 ~10 32 . Then 32 generations, or 40x32 = 1280 years ago, in the 7th century, two hundred years before the baptism of Rus', we all could have descended from Adam and Eve! Even if the doubling time is increased tenfold, this point will be pushed back to the beginning of the Neolithic, when in reality there lived about 10 million people.

There is, however, a formula that describes with surprising accuracy the growth of the Earth's population over hundreds and even many thousands of years and has the necessary - power - form:

This expression was obtained by processing data over many centuries by a number of researchers (Mackendrick, Forster, Horner), who saw in it only an empirical dependence that had no deep meaning. The same formula was obtained independently by the author of this article, but he considered it as a physically and mathematically meaningful description of the process of self-similar development. It occurs according to the hyperbolic law of evolution, called the blow-up regime. Such phenomena are typical for "explosive" behavior of systems and have been studied in detail in modern research on nonlinear dynamics.

Nevertheless, such formulas are fundamentally limited by the area of ​​applicability. First, the formula implies that the world's population will tend to infinity as we approach 2025, leading some to regard it as a doomsday date, an apocalyptic consequence of a population explosion. Secondly, an equally absurd result is obtained for the distant past, since at the creation of the Universe 20 billion years ago, ten people should have been present, undoubtedly discussing all the greatness of what is happening. Thus, this decision is limited both in the future and in the past, and it is fair to raise the question of the limits of its applicability.

The factor that was not taken into account is the time that characterizes a person's life - his reproductive ability and life expectancy. This factor manifests itself when passing through a demographic transition - a process characteristic of all populations, clearly visible both in the examples of individual countries and the whole world.

If we introduce the time τ characteristic of human life into the model, the features of population growth both in the past and in the present are excluded. The growth process begins at T 0 = 4.4 million years ago and continues beyond the critical date T 1 into the foreseeable future. It is expressed by the formula

describing the era before the demographic transition and the transition itself. The value of the new constants is obtained by comparing modern demographic data with the calculation:

This formula goes into the original expression (1) in the past, and all solutions describe the growth of mankind over three epochs. In the first - epoch A, lasting 2.8 million years - there is a linear growth, then passing into the hyperbolic growth of epoch B, which ends after 1965 with a demographic transition. After the demographic transition, the growth in numbers over the life of a generation becomes comparable to the world's population itself. And the population will begin to strive towards the asymptotically stabilized regime of epoch C, that is, steadily approaching the limit of 14 billion. This is 2.5 times more than at present.

Due to the introduction of the characteristic time, the critical year of the break T 1 is shifted from 2025 to 2007. The very value of τ= 42 years well reflects some average characteristic of a person's life, although it is obtained from the processing of demographic data, and not taken from life.

The main and only dynamic characteristic of the system that determines its development is the dimensionless constant K = 67,000. It serves as an internal scale for the size of a group of people and determines the collective nature of the interaction that describes growth. Numbers of this order determine the optimal size of a city or urban area and the abundance of a sustainable natural species.

The growth rate for time t in epoch B turns out to be equal to N 2 /K 2 , where the meaning of the parameter K is clearly visible: it determines the growth rate per generation as a result of pairwise interaction of groups of K people. This simplest non-linear expression describes collective relationships, summing up all the processes and elementary interactions that take place in society. It only applies to all of humanity. As is well known from algebra, the square of a sum is always greater than the sum of squares; that is why it is impossible to sum up growth factors for individual regions or countries.

The meaning of the law is that development is self-accelerating, and each next step uses all the experience previously accumulated by mankind, which plays the main role in this process. The long childhood of a person, mastery of speech, training, education and upbringing to a large extent determine the only way of development and self-organization that is specific to people. It can be thought that it is not the rate of reproduction, but namely the cumulative experience, interaction, dissemination and transmission from generation to generation of knowledge, customs and culture that qualitatively distinguish the evolution of mankind and determine the rate of population growth. This interaction should be considered as an internal property of a dynamic system. Therefore, the time has come to abandon once and for all the representation of social phenomena in the form of a simple sum of elementary cause-and-effect relationships, which, in principle, is not capable of describing the behavior of complex systems over long periods of time and over a large space.

Based on the concepts of theory, it is easy to determine the limit to which the human population is striving for the foreseeable future: 14 billion people, and the time of the beginning of growth in epoch A: 4.4 million years ago. One can also estimate the total number of people who have ever lived on Earth: P=2K 2 lnK=100 billion people.

In this estimate, the average life expectancy of a person is considered equal to τ/2 = 21 years, as is customary among demographers and anthropologists, who obtained values ​​for P from 80 to 150 billion people. Significantly, the entire growth pattern is best described on a double logarithmic scale. It's not just a matter of convenience when it comes to representing the behavior of quantities that change by ten orders of magnitude, there is a much deeper meaning here. On a double logarithmic scale, all power laws - the laws of self-similar development - look like straight lines, showing that the relative growth rate remains constant at all times. This allows us to take a fresh look at the pace of development and periodization of the entire history of mankind.

COMPARISON WITH ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND DEMOGRAPHY DATA

Comparison of the model with the data of paleoanthropology and paleodemography will make it possible to describe the development of mankind over a gigantic period of time. The initial epoch of linear growth A begins 4.4 million years ago and lasts Kτ = 2.8 million years. Thus, the model in general terms describes the initial stage of human growth, which can be identified with the era of separation of hominids from hominoids, which began 4.5 million years ago. By the end of epoch A, Homo habilis ("handy man") appeared, and its number increased to 100 thousand people.

To check the calculations, it was necessary to compare the calculated values ​​​​with those already known. The famous French archaeologist and anthropologist Yves Coppens could have had such information. I came to him in the old building of the Collège de France on the Rue d'Ecole in the Latin Quarter of Paris and asked:

Professor, how many people lived on Earth 1.6 million years ago?

One hundred thousand, - the answer immediately followed, which completely amazed me, making me think that the researcher had calculated this figure. However, Coppens immediately dismissed this suggestion, saying that he was not a theorist, but a field researcher. And his assessment is based on the fact that at that time in Africa there were about a thousand sites in which large families lived - about a hundred people each. This figure fixed a significant moment in the history of mankind, when a "handy man" appeared in the Lower Paleolithic.

Epoch B of hyperbolic growth spans the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and historical period. During this most important period of time lasting 1.6 million years, the number of people has once again increased by K times. By the time of the demographic transition, which can be traced back to 1965, the estimated population of the Earth was already 3.5 billion.

During the Stone Age, mankind spread throughout the globe. At the time of the Pleistocene, the climate changed dramatically, up to five glaciations passed, and the level of the World Ocean changed by a hundred meters. The geography of the Earth was redrawn, the continents and islands were connected and again diverged, man occupied more and more new territories. Its numbers grew slowly at first, but then with increasing speed.

From the concept of the model it follows that when the links between individual groups of the population and the bulk of humanity were interrupted for a long time, they experienced a slowdown in development. Anthropology is well aware that the isolation of small groups leads to a slowdown in their evolution: even today you can find communities that are at the Neolithic and even Paleolithic stage of development. But in the Eurasian space, through which tribes roamed and peoples migrated, ethnic groups and languages ​​were formed, there was a systematic and unchanging growth. At a certain stage, the interaction went along the Steppe Road, and later the Great Silk Road, connecting China, Europe and India, acquired the greatest importance. Since antiquity, intensive intercontinental ties have been going along it, world religions and new technologies have spread.

Data on the world's population over the entire range of times fit the proposed model quite well, but as we move into the past, the accuracy of the estimate decreases. So, already for the time of the Nativity of Christ, paleodemographers give figures for the world population from 100 to 250 million people, and from the calculation, about 100 million should be expected.

Considering how close these estimates are, they should be considered quite satisfactory even up to the very beginning of the appearance of mankind. This is all the more surprising since the calculation implies the constancy of growth constants, which are determined on the basis of modern data, but nevertheless apply to the distant past. This means that the model correctly captures the main features of world population growth.

It will be instructive to compare model calculations with demographic forecasts for the near future. The mathematical model indicates an asymptotic transition to the limit of 14 billion, with 90% of the limit - 12.5 billion - to be expected by 2135. And according to the optimal scenario of the UN, the population of the Earth by this time will reach a constant limit of 11,600 million. Note that over the past decades, demographic forecasts have been repeatedly revised upwards. In the latest study, the calculated human population until 2100 and the estimates made converged and, in fact, overlapped.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

Let us turn to the phenomenon of the demographic transition as a very special period that requires separate consideration. The duration of the transition is only 2τ = 84 years, but during this time, which is 1/50,000 of the entire history, there will be a fundamental change in the nature of human development. This time will outlive 1/10 of all people who have ever lived on Earth. The sharpness of the transition is largely due to the synchronization of development processes, to the strong interaction that is observed today in the world demographic system.

It is the “impact”, sharpened nature of the transition, with time less than the average life expectancy of 70 years, that leads to a violation of the value and ethical ideas developed over the millennia of our history. Today, this is seen as the reason for the collapse of society, the growing disorder of life and the reasons for the stress so characteristic of our time.

With the demographic transition, the ratio between the younger and older generations changes radically. From the point of view of a systematic approach and statistical physics, the transition resembles a phase transformation, which should be associated with a change in the age distribution of the population.

TRANSFORMATION OF DEVELOPMENT RATES OVER TIME

One more important conclusion can be drawn from the developed ideas: the scale of historical time changes with the growth of mankind. Thus, the history of Ancient Egypt covers three millennia and ended 2700 years ago. The decline of the Roman Empire lasted 1.5 thousand years, while the current empires were created over centuries and disintegrated over decades. This change in the scale of time by hundreds and thousands of times clearly shows the scale invariance of the historical process, its self-similarity. On a logarithmic scale, each next cycle is shorter than the previous one by e = 2.72 times and leads to an increase in the number by the same factor. In each of lnK = 11 periods of epoch B, 2K 2 = 9 billion people lived, while the duration of the cycles varied from 1 million to 42 years.

N. D. Kondratiev first drew attention to such a periodicity of major socio-technological cycles in the history of modern times in 1928, and since then such cycles have been associated with his name. However, this periodicity is clearly realized only in the logarithmic representation of development and already covers the entire history of mankind. The stretching of time is clearly visible as we move away from the critical date - 2007. So, a hundred years ago, in 1900, the population growth rate ∆N/N = 1% per year, 100 thousand years ago it was 0.001%. And at the beginning of the Paleolithic, 1.6 million years ago, a noticeable increase - by 150 thousand people (today so much is added in half a day) - could occur only in a million years.

It was in the Paleolithic that self-accelerated development began, which has continued unchanged for a million years since then. By the beginning of the Neolithic, 10-12 thousand years ago, the growth rate was already 10 thousand times greater than at the beginning of the Stone Age, and the world population was 10-15 million. There is no Neolithic revolution as a leap within the framework of the model, since it describes only an average picture of development, which, on average for mankind, proceeded quite smoothly. Let us pay attention to the fact that by this time half of all people who have ever lived managed to live, and on a logarithmic scale, half of the time from T 0 to T 1 has passed. Thus, in a sense, the past of mankind is much closer than we think. After 2007, the population stabilizes, and in the future the historical course of time may again become more and more extended.

It is interesting to note that recently the Russian historian I. M. Dyakonov in his review "The Paths of History. From Ancient Man to the Present Day" clearly pointed out the exponential reduction in the duration of historical periods as we approach our time. The historian's thoughts fully correspond to our model, where the same conclusions are simply clothed in a different - mathematical - form. This example shows how closely, even intersect, the vision of the traditional humanist and images belonging to the exact sciences.

IMPACT OF RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT ON POPULATION GROWTH

The model of human development predicts that the limit of population growth is not affected by external factors - the environment and the availability of resources. It is determined only by internal factors that have been invariably operating for a million years. Indeed, mankind as a whole has always had sufficient resources, which man mastered by settling on the Earth and increasing the efficiency of production. When contacts ceased, there were no resources and free space left, local development ended, but the overall growth was steady. Today, in developed countries, 3-4 percent of the population can feed the entire country. According to experts from the International Nutrition Organization, there are currently and in the foreseeable future enough reserves on the planet to feed 20-25 billion people. This will allow humanity to safely pass the demographic transition, in which the population will increase by only 2.5 times. Thus, the limit of population growth should be sought not in the global lack of resources, but in the laws of human development, which can be formulated as the principle of the demographic imperative, as a consequence of the law of population growth inherent in humanity itself. This conclusion requires a deep comprehensive discussion and is very significant, since the long-term strategy of mankind is connected with it.

Resources, however, are extremely unevenly distributed across the planet. In overpopulated cities and countries, they are already exhausted or close to exhaustion. Argentina, for example, has an area of ​​only 30% less than India - the country of the most ancient civilization, the population of which is 30 times larger, and it lives very poorly. But Argentina, whose modern development began 200 years ago, could, according to experts, feed the whole world.

But within the framework of the approach under consideration, there is no difference between developed and developing countries. They all equally belong to the same system of humanity and are simply in different stages of the demographic transition. Moreover, now, primarily due to the exchange of information, the development of the so-called third world countries is twice as fast as in the developed countries, just as younger brothers often develop faster than their elders, borrowing his experience.

In the foreseeable future, after the demographic transition, the question of the criteria for the development of mankind will arise. If in the past the basis was quantitative growth, then after the stabilization of the number it will have to be the quality of the population. A change in the age structure will lead to a deep restructuring of the hierarchy of values, a greater burden on health care, social protection and education systems. These fundamental changes in the value orientations of society will undoubtedly constitute the main problem in the near future, at a new stage in the evolution of mankind.

DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY

The sustainability of human development in the process of growth and especially during the transition period is of exceptional importance from a historical and social point of view. However, at the first stage of the demographic transition, as calculation shows, stability is minimal, and at this moment there is a historically sudden emergence of a young and active generation. This was the case in Europe in the 19th century, where the demographic prerequisites for rapid economic growth and powerful waves of emigration arose, which led to the settlement of the New World, Siberia and Australia. But they failed to sufficiently stabilize the process of world development and prevent the crisis that led to world wars.

On the eve of the First World War, Europe was developing at an unprecedented and unsurpassed pace. The economies of Germany and Russia grew by more than 10% per year. The flourishing of science and the arts of that time predetermined the entire intellectual life of the twentieth century. But the "Belle Epoque", this wonderful time of the heyday of Europe, was cut short by a fatal shot in Sarajevo.

The world wars resulted in the death of about 100 million people - 5% of the world's population. From the "black death" - a terrible plague epidemic - in the XIV century, entire countries died out. But even then, humanity always made up for losses very quickly and, remarkably, returned to its former stable growth trajectory.

At present, however, the potential sustainability of growth may be lost, as the demographic transition in developing countries is twice as fast as in Europe and involves ten times as many people. Comparing the dynamics of population growth in Europe and Asia, one can see that Europe will forever become a small outskirts, and the center of development will move to the Asia-Pacific region in the very near future. Only considering the speed of its development, one can understand in what kind of world our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will live. The uneven population of territories on the borders of states and their economic inequality can also threaten global security. The expanses of Siberia, for example, are now losing population, while the northern provinces of China are rapidly populating. There is constant northward migration across the US-Mexico border, and a similar process could take place for Indonesia's 200 million people north of vast Australia, where only 18 million live.

Rapidly growing uneven development can cause a complete loss of growth stability and, as a result, lead to armed conflicts. It is impossible in principle to predict the course of events, but it is not only possible, but necessary, to indicate their probability. Today, the world community faces an important task: to preserve peace in an era of drastic changes and prevent local conflicts from flaring up into a global military conflagration, similar to those that broke out in Europe in the early and mid-twentieth century. Without global sustainability it is impossible to solve any other problems, no matter how significant they may seem. Therefore, their discussion, along with issues of military, economic and environmental security, should include, and not in the last place, the demographic factor, taking into account its quantitative, qualitative and ethnic aspects.

DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN RUSSIA

As already mentioned, the fate of a single country cannot be considered by methods developed to describe the whole of mankind. However, developed ideas allow us to consider each individual country as part of the whole. This was all the more true for the Soviet Union and is true now for Russia (see "Science and Life" No. ).

Due to the size and multinational composition, the diversity of geographical conditions, historical development paths and a closed economy, the regional processes that took place in the Union largely reflected and modeled global phenomena. At present, the demographic transition is being completed in Russia; population growth stops, its number stabilizes. However, this age-old process is superimposed by the events of the last ten years, and in the first place - the economic crisis. It has led to profound upheavals and has resulted in a reduction in life expectancy, especially for men, which has fallen below 60 years.

With the birth rate, according to demographers, nothing so catastrophic is happening. Its systematic decline is quite natural and typical for all modern developed countries. Therefore, Russia will continue to live in conditions of low birth rates, in which population migration has begun to play an important role. If before 1970 there was mainly emigration from Russia, now up to 800 thousand people annually arrive in the country. Migration directly affects the demographic situation in the country and contributes to some compensation for losses.

Reducing the number of young citizens will require a transition to a professional army and an end to compulsory conscription, a very wasteful use of human resources. Russia will face this situation by the beginning of the next century, by which time the reform of the army should lead to new principles for the formation of the armed forces. Reducing the share of unskilled labor will increase the requirements for the quality of education, for the early choice of professional orientation, and will create incentives for creative growth.

In some regions of Russia, and especially in the adjacent countries of Central Asia, population growth continues, due to the first stage of the demographic transition. It is accompanied by characteristic phenomena: an influx of population into cities, a growing mass of restless youth, an imbalance in the development of the country and, as a result, an increasing instability of society. It is very important for Russia to understand that these processes are of a fundamental nature and will drag on for a very long time. On the one hand, they are connected not only with global, but also with internal, specific to our history, circumstances. If we can and must cope with the latter, then global processes are beyond our influence: it needs a global political will, which is not yet available. On the other hand, it is in the destinies of our country that one can see the complex nature of the demographic revolution taking place in the world - a rapid transition, unique in its dynamics, which ends a million years of the tireless quantitative growth of mankind.

CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The proposed model makes it possible to cover a huge range of time and a range of phenomena, which, in essence, includes the entire history of mankind. It is not applicable to individual regions and countries, but it shows that the course of world development affects each country, each demographic subsystem, as part of the whole. The model gives only a general, macroscopic description of the phenomena and cannot claim to explain the mechanisms that lead to population growth. The validity of the modeling principles should be seen not only and not so much in how closely the calculation matches the observed data, but in the validity of the underlying assumptions and in the successful application of the methods of nonlinear mechanics to the analysis of population growth.

The theory has established a boundary from which time should be counted, and a time scale that stretches as one moves away into the past, responding to the intuitive ideas of anthropologists and historians about the periodization of development and giving them a quantitative meaning.

An analysis of the theoretical equation shows that population growth has always followed a quadratic law, and now humanity is undergoing an unprecedented change in the paradigm of development. The end of an extremely vast era is coming, and the time of the transition, of which we have become witnesses and participants, is very compressed.

The model paradoxically indicates that throughout history, the development of mankind has depended not on external parameters, but on the internal properties of the system. This circumstance made it possible to reasonably refute the principle of Malthus, who argued that it is resources that determine the rate and limit of population growth. Therefore, it should be considered expedient to develop interdisciplinary complex studies of demographic and related problems, in which mathematical modeling should participate together with other methods.

Mathematical models are not only a means for a quantitative description of phenomena. They should be seen as a source of images and analogies capable of expanding the range of ideas to which the strict concepts of the exact sciences cannot be applied. First of all, this applies to demography, since the number of people as a characteristic of a community has a clear and universal meaning. Thus, the demographic problem should be seen as a new object for the theoretical studies of physicists and mathematicians.

If the ideas developed above help to offer a certain development perspective common to mankind, a picture suitable for anthropology and demography, sociology and history, and allows doctors and politicians to see the prerequisites for the current transition period as a source of stress for an individual and a critical state for the entire world community, the author will consider the experience of his interdisciplinary research justified.

Literature

Kapitsa S.P. Phenomenological theory of the growth of the Earth's population. "Successes in Physical Sciences", vol. 166, no. 1, 1996.

Kapitsa S. P., Kurdyumov S. P., Malinetsky G. G. The world of the future. Moscow: Nauka, 1997.

King A. and Schneider A. The First Global Revolution. Moscow: Progress, 1992.

Data on the number of countries of the world on the planet can be found on official resources via the Internet, and they are provided by leading analysts of specialized world organizations. Given this nuance, it is worth noting that this information is quite accurate and with their help you can see the whole picture of the population on the globe.

A natural question arises: how is the analysis of this kind of data carried out. Statistics are compiled by means of a population census, taking into account registration information and using other available information sources. They can be used as civil and legal acts. The maximum accuracy and reliability of the data is achieved by mathematical calculation of the average life expectancy for each individual state. This indicator is also estimated.

Among other things, one should not miss the fact that the population on earth is constantly undergoing transformation: countries can appear, disappear or unite. In some territories, it is simply not possible to carry out an accurate count of citizens. And this is due to the process of their growth and migration of the population. Until now, such a phenomenon as the emergence and disappearance of new uncontrolled territories has been observed on the globe.

For example, in Brazil there are entire settlements of unregistered citizens. The same can be said about Bhutan.

About the population density of the countries of the world

An equally important indicator is population density. This value represents the number of inhabitants per 1 sq. km. km. The calculation of the population density of each country in the world is made with the exception of uninhabited territories, as well as minus vast expanses of water. In addition to the general population density, its individual indicators can be used, both for rural and urban residents.

Given the above facts, it should be borne in mind that the population on the globe is unevenly distributed. The average density of each country differs quite significantly from each other. In addition, within the states themselves there are many deserted territories, or densely populated cities, in which one square. km may account for several hundred people.

The most densely populated territories of South and East Asia, as well as the countries of Western Europe, while in the Arctic, in deserts, tropics and highlands, it is not at all dense. absolutely independent of their population density. Exploring the uneven distribution of the population, it is advisable to highlight the following statistics: 7% of the globe occupies 70% of the total number of people on the planet.

At the same time, the eastern part of the globe is occupied by 80% of the world's population.

The main criterion that acts as an indicator of the distribution of people is population density. The average value of this indicator is currently 40 million people per square meter. km. This indicator can vary and is directly dependent on the location of the area. In some areas, its value may be 2 thousand people per square meter. km, and on others - 1 person per sq. km.

It is advisable to single out countries with the lowest population density:

• Australia;
• Namibia;
• Libya;
• Mongolia;

Greenland is one of the countries with the lowest population density

As well as countries with low density:

• Belgium;
• Great Britain;
• Korea;
• Lebanon;
• Netherlands;
• El Salvador and a number of other countries.

There are countries with an average population density, among them are:

• Iraq;
• Malaysia;
• Tunisia;
• Mexico;
• Morocco;
• Ireland.

In addition, there are areas on the globe that are classified as territories unsuitable for life.

As a rule, they represent an area with extreme conditions. These lands account for approximately 15% of all land.

As for Russia, it belongs to the category of low-populated states, despite the fact that its territory is quite large. The average population density in Russia is 1 person per 1 sq. km. km.

It is worth noting that the world is constantly undergoing changes, in which there is a decrease in either the birth rate or the death rate. This state of affairs indicates that the density and size of the population will soon be kept at about the same level.

The largest and smallest countries by area and population

China is the largest country in the world by population.

The number of people currently in the state is 1.349 billion people.

Next comes India with a population of 1.22 billion, followed by the United States of America with 316.6 million people. The next place in terms of number belongs to Indonesia: today 251.1 million citizens live in the country.

Next comes Brazil with a population of 201 million, then Pakistan with 193.2 million citizens, Nigeria with 174.5 million, and Bangladesh with 163.6 million citizens. Then Russia, with a population of 146 million people, and finally Japan, whose population is 127.2 million.

For a more detailed understanding of the issue, it is advisable to study the statistics regarding the smallest countries in the world in terms of population. In this scenario, it will suffice to consider the gradation of several independent states, which also include associated countries. The number of people in countries, in descending order, is as follows:

• Saint Kitts and Nevis with a population of 49,898 people;
• Liechtenstein, with a population of 35 thousand 870 people;
• San Marino, the number of citizens of the country is 35 thousand 75 people;
• Palau, a state belonging to the association of the United States of America, with a population of 20,842;
• with a population of 19 thousand 569 people;
• Order of Malta, which consists of 19 thousand 569 people;
• Tuvalu with a population of 10,544 people;
• Nauru - the population of the country is 9 thousand 322 people;
• Niue is an island with a population of 1,398 people.

The Vatican is considered to be the smallest state in terms of population.

At the moment, only 836 people live in the country.

Table of population of all countries of the world

The world population table looks like this.

No. p / p	Countries	Population
1.		1 343 238 909
2.	India	1 205 073 400
3.	USA	313 847 420
4.	Indonesia	248 700 000
5.	Brazil	199 322 300
6.	Pakistan	189 300 000
7.	Nigeria	170 124 640
8.	Bangladesh	161 079 600
9.	Russia	142 500 770
10.	Japan	127 122 000
11.		115 075 406
12.	Philippines	102 999 802
13.	Vietnam	91 189 778
14.	Ethiopia	91 400 558
15.	Egypt	83 700 000
16.	Germany	81 299 001
17.	Türkiye	79 698 090
18.	Iran	78 980 090
19.	Congo	74 000 000
18.	Thailand	66 987 101
19.	France	65 805 000
20.	Great Britain	63 097 789
21.	Italy	61 250 001
22.	Myanmar	61 215 988
23.	Korea	48 859 895
24.	South Africa	48 859 877
25.	Spain	47 037 898
26.	Tanzania	46 911 998
27.	Colombia	45 240 000
28.	Ukraine	44 849 987
29.	Kenya	43 009 875
30.	Argentina	42 149 898
31.	Poland	38 414 897
32.	Algeria	37 369 189
33.	Canada	34 298 188
34.	Sudan	34 198 987
35.	Uganda	33 639 974
36.	Morocco	32 299 279
37.	Iraq	31 130 115
38.	Afghanistan	30 420 899
39.	Nepal	29 889 898
40.	Peru	29 548 849
41.	Malaysia	29 178 878
42.	Uzbekistan	28 393 997
43.	Venezuela	28 048 000
44.	Saudi Arabia	26 529 957
45.	Yemen	24 771 797
46.	Ghana	24 651 978
47.	North Korea	24 590 000
48.	Mozambique	23 509 989
49.	Taiwan	23 234 897
50.	Syria	22 530 578
51.	Australia	22 015 497
52.	Madagascar	22 004 989
53.	Ivory Coast	21 952 188
54.	Romania	21 850 000
55.	Sri Lanka	21 479 987
56.	Cameroon	20 128 987
57.	Angola	18 056 069
58.	Kazakhstan	17 519 897
59.	Burkina Faso	17 274 987
60.	Chile	17 068 100
61.	Netherlands	16 729 987
62.	Niger	16 339 898
63.	Malawi	16 319 887
64.	Mali	15 495 021
65.	Ecuador	15 219 899
66.	Cambodia	14 961 000
67.	Guatemala	14 100 000
68.	Zambia	13 815 898
69.	Senegal	12 970 100
70.	Zimbabwe	12 618 979
71.	Rwanda	11 688 988
72.	Cuba	11 075 199
73.	Chad	10 974 850
74.	Guinea	10 884 898
75.	Portugal	10 782 399
76.	Greece	10 759 978
77.	Tunisia	10 732 890
78.	South Sudan	10 630 100
79.	Burundi	10 548 879
80.	Belgium	10 438 400
81.	Bolivia	10 289 007
82.	Czech	10 178 100
83.	Dominican Republic	10 087 997
84.	Somalia	10 084 949
85.	Hungary	9 949 879
86.	Haiti	9 801 597
87.	Belarus	9 642 987
88.	Benin	9 597 998
87.	Azerbaijan	9 494 100
88.	Sweden	9 101 988
89.	Honduras	8 295 689
90.	Austria	8 220 011
91.	Switzerland	7 920 998
92.	Tajikistan	7 768 378
93.	Israel	7 590 749
94.	Serbia	7 275 985
95.	Hong Kong	7 152 819
96.	Bulgaria	7 036 899
97.	Togo	6 961 050
98.	Laos	6 585 987
99.	Paraguay	6 541 589
100.	Jordan	6 508 890
101.	Papua New Guinea	6 310 090
102.		6 090 599
103.	Eritrea	6 085 999
104.	Nicaragua	5 730 000
105.	Libya	5 613 379
106.	Denmark	5 543 399
107.	Kyrgyzstan	5 496 699
108.	Sierra Leone	5 485 988
109.	Slovakia	5 480 998
110.	Singapore	5 354 397
111.	UAE	5 314 400
112.	Finland	5 259 998
113.	Central African Republic	5 056 998
114.	Turkmenistan	5 054 819
115.	Ireland	4 722 019
116.	Norway	4 707 300
117.	Costa Rica	4 634 899
118.	Georgia	456999
119.	Croatia	4 480 039
120.	Congo	4 365 987
121.	New Zealand	4 328 000
122.	Lebanon	4 140 279
123.	Liberia	3 887 890
124.	Bosnia and Herzegovina	3 879 289
125.	Puerto Rico	3 690 919
126.	Moldova	3 656 900
127.	Lithuania	3 525 699
128.	Panama	3 510 100
129.	Mauritania	3 359 099
130.	Uruguay	3 316 330
131.	Mongolia	3 179 917
132.	Oman	3 090 050
133.	Albania	3 002 497
134.	Armenia	2 957 500
135.	Jamaica	2 888 997
136.	Kuwait	2 650 002
137.	West Bank	2 619 987
138.	Latvia	2 200 580
139.	Namibia	2 159 928
140.	Botswana	2 100 020
141.	Macedonia	2 079 898
142.	Slovenia	1 997 000
143.	Qatar	1 950 987
144.	Lesotho	1 929 500
145.	Gambia	1 841 000
146.	Kosovo	1 838 320
147.	Gaza Strip	1 700 989
148.	Guinea-Bissau	1 630 001
149.	Gabon	1 607 979
150.	Swaziland	1 387 001
151.	Mauritius	1 312 100
152.	Estonia	1 274 020
153.	Bahrain	1 250 010
154.	East Timor	1 226 400
155.	Cyprus	1 130 010
156.	Fiji	889 557
157.	Djibouti	774 400
158.	Guyana	740 998
159.	Comoros	737 300
160.	Butane	716 879
161.	Equatorial Guinea	685 988
162.	Montenegro	657 410
163.	Solomon islands	583 699
164.	Macau	577 997
165.	Suriname	560 129
166.	Cape Verde	523 570
167.	West Sahara	522 989
168.	Luxembourg	509 100
169.	Malta	409 798
170.	Brunei	408 775
171.	Maldives	394 398
172.	Belize	327 720
173.	Bahamas	316 179
174.	Iceland	313 201
175.	Barbados	287 729
176.	French polynesia	274 498
177.	New Caledonia	260 159
178.	Vanuatu	256 166
179.	Samoa	194 319
180.	Sao Tome and Principe	183 169
181.	Saint Lucia	162 200
182.	Guam	159 897
183.	Netherlands Antilles	145 828
184.	Grenada	109 001
185.	Aruba	107 624
186.	micronesia	106 500
187.	Tonga	106 200
188.	US Virgin Islands	105 269
189.	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	103 499
190.	Kiribati	101 988
191.	Jersey	94 950
192.	Seychelles	90 018
193.	Antigua and Barbuda	89 020
194.	Isle Of Man	85 419
195.	Andorra	85 100
196.	Dominica	73 130
197.	Bermuda	69 079
198.	Marshall Islands	68 500
199.	guernsey	65 338
200.		57 700
201.	American Samoa	54 950
202.	Cayman islands	52 558
203.	Northern Mariana Islands	51 400
204.	Saint Kitts and Nevis	50 690
205.	Faroe islands	49 590
206.	Turks and Caicos	46 320
207.	Sint Maarten (Netherlands)	39 100
208.	Liechtenstein	36 690
209.	San Marino	32 200
210.	British Virgin Islands	31 100
211.	France	30 910
212.	Monaco	30 498
213.	Gibraltar	29 048
214.	Palau	21 041
215.	Dhekelia and Akroiti	15 699
216.	Wallis and Futuna	15 420
217.	England	15 390
218.	Cook Islands	10 800
219.	Tuvalu	10 598
220.	Nauru	9 400
221.	Saint Helena	7 730
222.	Saint Barthelemy	7 329
223.	Montserrat	5 158
224.	Falkland (Malvinas) Islands	3 139
225.	Norfolk Island	2 200
226.	Svalbard	1 969
227.	Christmas Island	1 487
228.	Tokelau	1 370
229.	Niue	1 271
230.		840
231.	coconut islands	589
232.	Pitcairn Islands	47