Presentation on the topic "The first artificial satellite of the earth." Presentation "the first artificial satellite of the earth" Presentation on astronomy the movement of artificial satellites
Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Chekunov, worked on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite, led by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korolev, A.V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.
The satellite looked like a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters, equipped with four antennas more than two meters long (in fact, there are two antennas, each consisting of two parts). Its mass was 83 kilograms, and the only equipment it carried were two radio transmitters with power supplies, which worked for two weeks after launch. The satellite transmitted the famous “beep-beep” at a frequency of 20 MHz.
The spherical shape of the body contributed to the most accurate determination of the density of the atmosphere at very high altitudes, where scientific measurements had not yet been carried out. The body was made of aluminum alloy, and the surface was specially polished to better reflect sunlight and provide the necessary thermal conditions for the satellite.
Receiving signals from radio transmitters allowed scientists to study the conditions for the passage of radio waves from space to Earth. In addition, they transmitted information about the pressure and temperature inside the satellite. The satellite was unoriented, and the four-antenna antenna system provided almost uniform radiation in all directions to eliminate the influence of its rotation on the intensity of received radio signals.
The power supply for the satellite's onboard equipment was provided by electrochemical current sources (silver-zinc batteries), designed to operate for at least 2 - 3 weeks. Inside the satellite was filled with nitrogen. The temperature inside was maintained within 20-30° C using forced ventilation based on signals from temperature sensors.
The Russian word “sputnik” immediately entered the languages of all peoples of the world. Full houses on the front pages of foreign newspapers in those days in 1957 were full of admiration for the feat of our country. “The greatest sensation of the century”, “The cherished dream of humanity brought to life”, “The Soviets opened a window to the Universe”, “This great victory is a turning point in the history of civilization”, “It is already clear that October 4, 1957 will forever go down in the annals of history " - these are some of the headlines in the world press at that time.
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The first artificial satellite of the Earth
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Having overcome gravity, the Rocket took off from the Earth... And there was no happier moment - Here a new era began. Stage... second... The third separated, Burning up in the atmosphere without a trace... And a fast-flying star suddenly appeared above the Earth. And Humanity froze in amazement: A silver ball flying in the sky - a great creation of human hands - Was sent from the Earth to the Universe as a gift!
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This year, all progressive humanity celebrates the 55th anniversary of the launch of the First artificial Earth satellite. This was the first step towards space exploration.
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The purpose of this work is: - Familiarization with the history of the creation of the First artificial Earth satellite (AES); - The significance of the launch of satellites for science and all humanity.
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The history of the creation of the first satellite is connected with the work on the rocket itself. Moreover, both in the Soviet Union and in the USA it had a German origin. The main achievements of German specialists were the technology of serial production of powerful liquid-propellant rocket engines and flight control systems.
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Single-stage missiles could not satisfy the military - they needed a multi-stage intercontinental missile capable of delivering the “cargo” to any point on the globe. The development of such a rocket was carried out at the Korolev Design Bureau
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Sergei Pavlovich Korolev 01/12/1907 - 01/14/1966 Sergei Pavlovich Korolev - chief designer of the first launch vehicles, artificial Earth satellites, manned spacecraft, founder of practical cosmonautics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961), laureate Lenin Prize (1957), member of the CPSU since 1953.
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Back in 1939, one of the founders of practical cosmonautics in our country, the closest associate of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, wrote: “All work in the field of rocketry, without exception, ultimately leads to space flight.”
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Tikhonravov’s group developed the concept of an artificial Earth satellite from 1950 to 1954 almost “underground.” In the foreground (from left to right): Vladimir Galkovsky, Gleb Maksimov, Lidiya Soldatofva, Mikhail Tikhonravov and Igor Yatsunsky; in the background (standing): Grigory Moskalenko, Oleg Gurko and Igor Bazhinov. (Photo from the archive of Asif Siddiqui)
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Although the satellite was called the simplest, it was created for the first time; there were no analogues in technology. Only one thing was set - a weight limit (no more than 100 kg). Quite quickly, the designers came to the conclusion that it would be advantageous to make it in the shape of a ball. The spherical shape made it possible to make full use of the internal volume with a smaller shell surface.
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Inside the satellite they decided to place two radio transmitters with a radiation frequency of 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Receiving their signals would allow scientists to study the conditions for the passage of radio waves from space to Earth. In addition, it was necessary to transmit information about the pressure and temperature inside the satellite.
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At dawn on October 3, 1957, the rocket, docked with the satellite, was carefully removed from the installation and testing building. Walking nearby were the creators of the world's first space complex. And the bulk of the rocket before the launch was amazingly beautiful. She sparkled all over, covered with frost.
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On October 4, 1957, at 22:28 Moscow time, a bright burst of light illuminated the night steppe, and the rocket went up with a roar. Her torch gradually weakened and soon became indistinguishable against the background of the heavenly bodies.
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“He was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but his sonorous call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind.” S. Korolev
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In an hour and a half - a trip around the world, 15 revolutions per day, and each time along a new route, because the plane of the satellite’s orbit in space is stationary, and the Earth rotates around its axis inside this orbit. Thousands of eyes and radios watched his flight. And every hour of his life interested scientists.
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For the first time in history, hundreds of millions of people could observe in the rays of the rising or setting sun an artificial star, created not by gods, but by the hands of man, moving across the dark sky. And the world community perceived this event as the greatest scientific achievement. For the first time, the first cosmic velocity was achieved, calculated by the founder of classical physics and the law of universal gravitation, the Englishman Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727).
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On February 1, 1958, the first American satellite, Explorer-1, was launched into orbit, and a little later, other countries also launched independent satellites: November 26, 1965 - France (satellite A-1), November 29, 1967 - Australia (VRSAT-1). 1"), February 11, 1970 - Japan ("Osumi"), April 24, 1970 - China ("China-1"), October 28, 1971 - Great Britain ("Prospero").
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Thanks to these flights, people began to realize that humanity has one single home, one planet, and there is a goal that can unite all peoples - the study of the Earth for the benefit of all people. Outer space became an arena for scientific cooperation, and world science was enriched with new invaluable data.
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The pioneers of practical astronautics, the creators of the first artificial Earth satellites, knew how to look far ahead. But even in those years they would hardly have been able to imagine that their small and simple, in modern eyes, devices would give rise to the formation of a grandiose system.
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The flight of the first satellite became the beginning of a whole series of courageous deeds of all mankind, who saw satellites in space, the first flight of man into space, the first steps on the Moon, the first radio transmissions from Mars and from space probes that visited the planets of the Solar System.
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Over the past 55 years, more than one thousand spacecraft have been launched into near-Earth orbits. Their orbits encircle the Earth in a dense grid; they “see” everything that happens on Earth. Together they constitute a gigantic information system.
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We can conclude that science needs astronautics - it is a grandiose and powerful tool for studying the Universe, the Earth, and man himself. Cosmonautics is vital for all humanity! Every year, satellite systems will become an increasingly significant part of the Unified Communications System.
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This work was presented in grades 7-9 at the school on Cosmonautics Day and dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.
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List of sources used 1. V.P. Glushko “Cosmonautics”. Publishing house “Soviet Encyclopedia” 1970 2. “Rocket and Space Corporation “Energia” named after S.P. Korolev", Publishing House RSC "Energia", 1996. 3. Talyzin N.V. "Communications satellites - Earth and Universe." 4. images.yandex.ru 5. microchooser.com 6. ru.wikipedia.org
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Artificial Earth satellites
Performed:
physics teacher Ilyicheva O.A.
In 1957, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev created the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, which in the same year was used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite .
Artificial Earth satellite (satellite) is a spacecraft revolving around the Earth in a geocentric orbit. Geocentric orbit- the trajectory of a celestial body along an elliptical path around the Earth. One of the two foci of the ellipse along which the celestial body moves coincides with the Earth. In order for the spacecraft to be in this orbit, it must be given a speed that is less than the second escape velocity, but not less than the first escape velocity. AES flights are carried out at altitudes of up to several hundred thousand kilometers. The lower limit of the satellite's flight altitude is determined by the need to avoid the process of rapid braking in the atmosphere. The orbital period of a satellite, depending on the average flight altitude, can range from one and a half hours to several days.
Geocentric orbit
Movement of an artificial Earth satellite in geostationary orbit
Of particular importance are satellites in geostationary orbit, whose orbital period is strictly equal to a day and therefore for a ground observer they “hang” motionless in the sky, which makes it possible to get rid of rotating devices in antennas. Geostationary orbit(GSO) - a circular orbit located above the Earth’s equator (0° latitude), while in which an artificial satellite orbits the planet with an angular velocity equal to the angular velocity of the Earth’s rotation around its axis.
Sputnik-1- the first artificial Earth satellite, the first spacecraft, launched into orbit in the USSR on October 4, 1957.
Satellite code designation - PS-1(The simplest Sputnik-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (later this place was named the Baikonur Cosmodrome) on a Sputnik (R-7) launch vehicle.
Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Chekunov, A. worked on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite, led by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korolev. V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.
The date of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind, and in Russia it is celebrated as a memorable day of the Space Forces.
Sputnik-1
The satellite's body consisted of two hemispheres with a diameter of 58 cm made of aluminum alloy with docking frames connected to each other by 36 bolts. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a rubber gasket. In the upper half-shell there were two antennas, each of two rods 2.4 m and 2.9 m long. Since the satellite was unoriented, the four-antenna system gave uniform radiation in all directions.
A block of electrochemical sources was placed inside the sealed housing; radio transmitting device; fan; thermal relay and air duct of the thermal control system; switching device for on-board electrical automation; temperature and pressure sensors; on-board cable network. Mass of the first satellite: 83.6 kg.
Sergey Pavlovich Korolev
The name of Sergei Korolev is known throughout the world. He is the designer of the first artificial Earth satellites and the first space rocket, the opener of a new era in the history of mankind.
An artificial Earth satellite (AES) is a spacecraft revolving around the Earth in a geocentric orbit.
To move in orbit around the Earth, the device must have an initial speed equal to, or slightly greater than, the first cosmic speed. AES flights are carried out at altitudes of up to several hundred thousand kilometers. The lower limit of the satellite's flight altitude is determined by the need to avoid the process of rapid braking in the atmosphere. The orbital period of satellite No. 1, depending on the average flight altitude, can range from one and a half hours to several days. Of particular importance are satellites in geostationary orbit, whose orbital period is strictly equal to a day and therefore for a ground observer they “hang” motionless in the sky, which makes it possible to get rid of rotating devices in antennas.
Types of satellites
Astronomical satellites are satellites designed to study planets, galaxies and other space objects.
Biosatellites are satellites designed to conduct scientific experiments on living organisms in space.
Remote sensing of the Earth
Spacecraft - manned spacecraft
Space stations - long-duration spacecraft
Meteorological satellites are satellites designed to transmit data for the purpose of weather prediction, as well as to monitor the Earth's climate.
Navigation satellites
Reconnaissance satellites
Communications satellites
Telecommunications satellites
Experimental satellites
First satellite
The launch of the first satellite, which became the first artificial celestial body created by man, was carried out in the USSR on October 4, 1957 and was the result of achievements in the field of rocketry, electronics, automatic control, computer technology, celestial mechanics and other branches of science and technology. With the help of this satellite, the density of the upper atmosphere was measured for the first time (by changes in its orbit), the features of the propagation of radio signals in the ionosphere were studied, theoretical calculations and basic technical solutions related to launching the satellite into orbit were tested.
The world's first artificial
The world's first artificial
Earth satellite
launched in the USSR on October 4, 1957
(Sputnik-1).
General information about satellites.
In accordance with international agreement, a spacecraft is called a satellite if it has completed at least one revolution around the Earth. Otherwise, it is considered a rocket probe taking measurements along a ballistic trajectory and is not registered as a satellite. Depending on the tasks solved with the help of artificial satellites, they are divided into research and applied ones. If a satellite is equipped with radio transmitters, some kind of measuring equipment, flash lamps for sending light signals, etc., it is called active. Passive satellites are usually intended for observations from the earth's surface when solving certain scientific problems (balloon satellites reaching a diameter of several tens of m are among such satellites). Research satellites are used to study the Earth, celestial bodies, and outer space. These include, in particular, geophysical satellites, geodetic satellites, orbital astronomical observatories, etc. Applied satellites include communications satellites, meteorological satellites, satellites for studying earth resources, navigation satellites, satellites for technical purposes (for studying the impact of space conditions on materials, for testing and testing on-board systems), etc. AES intended for human flight are called manned satellites. Satellites in an equatorial orbit lying near the equatorial plane are called equatorial, satellites in a polar (or subpolar) orbit passing near the Earth's poles are called polar. AES placed into a circular equatorial orbit, 35,860 km away from the Earth’s surface, and moving in a direction coinciding with the direction of the Earth’s rotation, “hang” motionless over one point on the Earth’s surface; such satellites are called stationary. The last stages of launch vehicles, nose fairings and some other parts separated from the satellite during launch into orbits represent secondary orbital objects; they are not usually called satellites, although they orbit the Earth and in some cases serve as objects of observation for scientific purposes.
In accordance with the international system of registration of space objects (satellites, space probes, etc.) within the framework of the international organization COSPAR in 1957-1962, space objects were designated by the year of launch with the addition of a letter of the Greek alphabet corresponding to the serial number of the launch in a given year, and an Arabic numeral - number orbital object depending on its brightness or degree of scientific significance. So, 1957a2 is the designation of the first Soviet satellite, launched in 1957; 1957a1 - designation of the last stage of the launch vehicle of this satellite (the launch vehicle was brighter). As the number of launches increased, starting from January 1, 1963, space objects began to be designated by the year of launch, the serial number of the launch in a given year, and a capital letter of the Latin alphabet (sometimes also replaced by a serial number). Thus, the Intercosmos-1 satellite has the designation: 1969 88A or 1969 088 01. In national space research programs, satellite series often also have their own names: “Cosmos” (USSR), “Explorer” (USA), “Diadem” (France) ) etc. Abroad, the word “satellite” until 1969 was used only in relation to Soviet satellites. In 1968-69, during the preparation of the international multilingual astronautical dictionary, an agreement was reached according to which the term “satellite” was applied to satellites launched in any country.
Collision of satellites Kosmos-2251 and Iridium 33
the first time two artificial satellites collided in space. The collision occurred on February 10, 2009 over the territory of the Russian Federation (northern Siberia), at an altitude of 789 kilometers. Artificial satellites - Kosmos-2251, owned by the Russian Space Forces, launched into orbit in 1993 and operated until 1995, and Iridium 33, one of 72 satellites of the satellite telephone operator Iridium, launched into orbit in 1997, were completely destroyed as a result of the collision . The weight of the American satellite Iridium was 600 kg, and the weight of the Russian spacecraft Cosmos-2251 was 1 ton. The collision resulted in approximately 600 pieces of debris.
Space Marines
Before the first long flight of 18 days, Nikolaev and Sevastyanov sent the dogs Veterok and Ugolya into space for 22 days. Interestingly, only mongrels have always been sent into space. Cause? More intelligent and hardy than their purebred counterparts.
The dog Veterok - however, his real name is Per - took root under the desk of the one who sent him into space, Andrei Nazin. He went wherever he wanted, but invariably returned home to sleep - under the table.
In the early 60s, there were no more popular dogs than 2 mongrels Belka and Strelka, who flew around the planet for more than a day and returned home alive. Suffice it to say that, by personal order of Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, one of Strelka’s puppies - Cannon - was sent overseas to the wife of American President John Kennedy, Jacqueline, as a souvenir. But before the space flights succeeded, 18 dogs died during testing. Their deaths were not futile. It was only thanks to animals that space flight became possible for humans. And today no one doubts that space is necessary for people.
Veterok and Ugolek returned from space completely naked. That is, without the fur that remained in the poorly fitted spacesuits that the dogs rubbed against all these endless days. And the dogs were so weak that they could not stand on their feet. However, after the operation (the dogs had the tubes in their stomachs through which they were fed in space) everything was soon restored.
Over the years, the dog's teeth began to fall out. The reason was already known - the result of intensive leaching of calcium from the bones. They stuffed the dog with everything! Did not help. Not only bones, but the unfortunate dog soon couldn’t chew the doctor’s sausage. Then the whole laboratory started doing it instead. They chewed sausage - and under the dog's table, day after day, throughout the last three years of Peer's life. And he died of old age. Having lived after the flight for 12 years.
Laike Memorial
On November 3, 1957, an ordinary mongrel Laika, picked up on the street, became the first animal to make a space flight, which opened the way to space for humans. Laika acted as a kamikaze. The spacecraft on which she flew did not have a descent module, and the dog was doomed to burn up along with the satellite in the upper atmosphere.
40 years later, in memory of the first astronaut dog, a memorial plaque was unveiled on the building of the laboratory of the Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine, where she was prepared for the flight. Her flight had been prepared for almost ten years under the leadership of one of the founders of Russian biology, Academician Gazenko.
After Laika, specialists spent another 4 years practicing animal space flights. In such expeditions, called “Noah’s Ark,” not only dogs, but also mice, rabbits, and insects participated in pairs. The success was consolidated by the successful flights of Belka and Strelka, which made it possible to make the final decision on the first manned space flight, which was carried out by Yuri Gagarin.
Moon - interesting facts about our satellite
The darkest area on the disk of the full Moon is the bottom of the Grimaldi and Raccioli circuses. The brightest object of the Earth's satellite is the central hill of the Aristarchus crater.
The lunar “seas”, “oceans” and “lakes” are waterless. These names are a legacy of 17th century science. When scientists first began observing the Moon with telescopes, they did not yet know the nature of its surface.
The great ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle observed a lunar eclipse. And when the Earth blocked the Moon from the Sun, he saw that the shadow of the Earth on the Moon was round. Then he made an absolutely correct conclusion: the Earth is a huge ball. This is how the spherical shape of the Earth was proven for the first time.
When the Moon or Sun are at their zenith, their size appears small. Located near the horizon, they take the form of large fiery disks. This occurs due to the refraction of light rays in the air. Being near the horizon, the sun sends its rays through the atmosphere at a greater angle than when it is at its zenith.
The fantastic flight to the Moon was first described by the Greek satirist Lucian of Samosata around 160 AD. e.
Korolev: monument to the first satellite of the Earth
The first artificial Earth satellite was launched on October 4, 1957, and this monument was erected in honor of the 50th anniversary of this event on Cosmonauts Avenue in the city of Korolev.
