Vasilisa Yaviks is an intelligent search engine. tomorrow is already here! Kubachi language Dagestan alphabet in Russian

A a B b C c G g G g g G g g G I g I D d
E e E e F f Z h I i J y K k K
K' k' KI kI L l L' l' M m N n O o
P p R r S s T t TI tI U u F f X x
Хъ хъ Хь хь XI xI Ts ts TsI tsI Ch h ChI hI
Sh sh sch q y y b ee y y I

When using a phrasebook, you must keep in mind that using the letters of the Russian alphabet it is impossible to convey all the features of Avar pronunciation. Therefore, in order to more or less correctly assimilate specific Avar sounds (the explanation of which in the transcription is simplified for practical reasons), it is necessary to listen carefully to Avar speech.

Regarding the Avar alphabet, based on the Russian graphic basis, it should be remembered that it contains double letters that have their own specifics, namely: gъ, gь, gI, къ, кь, кI, lъ, ТI, хъ, хь, хI, цI , hI - only 13 characters. They (with the exception of I) are ordinary signs of the Russian alphabet, which are used as the main letters in the Avar alphabet. Н with the addition of second characters (ъ, ь, I), the main letters indicate specific Avar sounds that need to be explained.

The so-called specific Caucasian sounds (abruptive or occlusive-laryngeal consonants) are indicated in writing by a combination of k, t, ts, ch with the Roman unit (stick): kI, tI, tsI, chI (kIul - key, tIor - ear, tsIa - fire , chIor - arrow). When pronouncing them, the speech organs take the same initial position as when pronouncing k, t, ts, ch. But at the same time, the tongue is pressed more tightly to the back palate, forming a more energetic shutter. At the same time, the pressure of the escaping air increases to the maximum. The result is a sharp clicking sound with a supraglottic explosion.

gee- corresponds to the German h (in the word haben - to have). Examples: gyan - meat, gyogyen - coolness.

xx- pronounced approximately like a soft x, but with more wheezing (in the word Houston). Examples: khyag - cauldron, rehied - herd.

x- formed in the larynx. To pronounce хъ try to pronounce the guttural х several times, and draw it out, you will get a long wheezing sound. Examples: xhosh - hut, rah - canal.

k- is also formed in the larynx. Try again to pronounce the long, guttural kh a few times. Then, pronouncing another drawn-out kh, suddenly close your larynx completely and break through this closure with the force of retained air. You will get a sharp, guttural sound with a “creak”, in other words, a “wheezing” sound with an explosion. Examples: ko - day, bak - sun.

l- one of the specific side sounds. Pronounced approximately like aphid. l is l without a voice, with aspiration. Examples: ralad - sea, nil - sickle.

ky- when pronouncing this sound, an extremely narrow, intensely vibrating gap is formed. Consists of a lateral aphid with a characteristic “creaking” sound. The location of the lateral gap is deeper - in the area of ​​the rear molars. Examples: kyo - bridge, mikgo - eight.

g- reads close to Ukrainian g, but with a deeper guttural pronunciation. Close to the burry river. Examples: g'vetI - tree, tIagur - hat.

gI- glottal voiced fricative. Articulation is associated with tension at the site of fissure formation. Corresponds to the Arabic "ayn". Examples: gIech - apple, ragIi - word.

xI- laryngeal voiceless fricative. Articulation is associated with tension at the site of fissure formation with free exhalation. Examples: xIan - cheese, maxI - smell.
In addition, it should be borne in mind that the Avar sh, zh, l are pronounced softer than in Russian (razhi - garlic, shagyar - city, mali - staircase).

X- more “rough” than in Russian, pronounced with more “wheezing” (khalicha - carpet)

V- reads like the English w (varani - camel).

e- like Russian e (kIert - donkey, mesed - gold).

In all positions, vowels sound equally distinct. In addition, you should remember:

1. There is no category of grammatical gender in the Avar language. But the category of grammatical class is widely represented in it, which manifests itself in all parts of speech. Many lexical and grammatical meanings. Grammatical classes do not coincide with the genders of nouns in the Russian language. Each class has its own special grammatical class indicator:

I class(class of men) - indicator in;

II class(class of women) - indicator th;

III class- indicator b.

The plural indicator of all classes is p or l.

The class indicator is included in all adjectives, participles, most verbs and pronouns, and many adverbs. It is rarely found as part of a noun.

In I class men(indicator - v!) includes all males (v-as “boy”, v-ats “brother”, v-ugo “is”);

In class II women(indicator - y!) includes all females (y-as “girl”, y-as “sister”, y-igo “is”);

In III grade(indicator - b!) includes all words denoting or characterizing animals, inanimate objects, natural phenomena, etc. (b-ats “wolf”, piri “lightning”, gIech “apple”, tsIar “name”, b-ugo “is, available”, likIa-b “good”, etc.).

The indicator of the plural of all classes, regardless of whether the word means men, women, animals or inanimate objects and phenomena, is p-, or at the end of adjectives and participles -l (p-ugo “is, there is”, p-achIana “came”, likIa-l “good”, vasa-l “boys”, yasa-l “girls”, tsIalara-l “read”.

Class indicators are a means of expressing the connection of words in a sentence. Thus, the definition is consistent with the word being defined by class and number, which is manifested in a change in the class indicator depending on the semantics, for example:

bertzina-v-as"a handsome boy";

bertzina jar"beautiful girl";

Bertsina-b chu"a beautiful horse";

Bertsina-l limal"beautiful children".

2. Plural nouns are usually formed by adding the following endings:

-al(was-al “boys”, gIoral “rivers”);

-bi(tsa-bi “teeth”, mina-bi “buildings”);

-street(gIund-ul “ears”, bull-ul “shovels”);

3. In the Avar language there is no polite form of addressing “you”. When addressing elders, Avars use the form “you”.

4. An adjective in the Avar language is always placed in front of the noun it defines and agrees with it in class and number (liikIa-v v-as “good boy”, likIa-y yas “good girl”, likIa-b chu “good horse”, likIa- l lima-l “good children”, etc.).(/jllikelock)

During its existence, it functioned on different graphic bases and was reformed several times. Currently, Avar writing functions in the Cyrillic alphabet. The following stages are distinguished in the history of Avar writing:

Arabic letter

The oldest monuments of Avar writing are considered to be 3 Georgian-Avar bilinguals on stone crosses and slabs, discovered in the Khunzakh region of Dagestan. These inscriptions are made in Georgian script. One of them was deciphered by academician A. S. Chikobava in 1940, the other, from the village of Khunzakh, was described by T. E. Gudava, the third, from the village of Gotsatl, was deciphered by K. Sh. Mikailov. These inscriptions date back to the 12th-14th centuries.

After the spread of Islam in Dagestan, Arabic writing also penetrated with it. The oldest monument of Avar writing on an Arabic graphic basis is considered to be an inscription in the village of Koroda, Gunib region, which dates back to the 13th-14th centuries. The oldest known Avar handwritten text dates back to the end of the 15th century - in the will of Andunik, son of Ibrahim, written in Arabic, there are 16 Avar words written in unmodified Arabic script. According to B. M. Ataev, early Avar records were not intended to record the Avar language itself.

Since the 16th century, Avar writing itself began to spread. Individual manuscripts from the 16th-19th centuries written in Avar have survived to this day. In the 17th century, recordings of the Avar language in Arabic letters were already quite widespread: glossaries of that period, compiled by Shaaban, son of Ismail from Oboda, as well as samples works of art Musalawa Muhammad from Kudutl.

At the end of the 18th century, Dibir-Kadi from Khunzakh reformed the Arabic alphabet, adapting it to the phonetic features of the Avar language. This alphabet was called "Ajam". However, it had a number of shortcomings, which were later repeatedly tried to be eliminated. Thus, in the 19th century, at the suggestion of Imam Shamil, a special commission introduced a sign to indicate the lateral l. In 1884, the first Avar newspaper was published in Istanbul. printed book, where the Arabic script was used, and then book publishing began in Dagestan; books in Avar were printed mainly in Temir-Khan-Shura. The alphabet of the Avar language based on Arabic was as follows:

ا	ب	پ	ت	ث	ج	چ	چّ	خ	خّ
ح	د	ر	ز	زّ	س	سّ	ش	شّ	ص
صّ	ط	ظ	ع	غ	ف	ۊ	ۊّ	ک	کّ
ڸ	ل	لّ	م	ن	و	ﻫ	ى

In the 1920s, the Arabic alphabet for the Avar language was reformed - letters were introduced for a number of specific Avar consonants, as well as signs for vowels that were absent in the traditional Arabic alphabet. The reformed alphabet was called the “new ajam” and was used until 1928. By the end of the 1920s, the Avar alphabet looked like this (the order of the letters was not respected): ڗ ژ ز څ ؼ خ و ﻁ ت ش ڝ س ر ڨ ق پ او ن م لّ ڸ ل ک ى اى ﻉ ﺡ ﻫ غ گ اه د ڃ ﺝ ب ا

Many young Kubachi residents, for reasons beyond their control, do not know their native language.

At present, when there is a revival of spiritual culture, history, and the language of small ethnic groups, the sense of language and the craving for the native language among Kubachi residents are becoming more acute. This is natural, because it is known that people live as long as they have native language. The loss of a language is the loss of the ethnic integrity of a people. And the Kubachi people love their village, their “mother” language. And, probably, every Kubachi resident who knows little or no native language at all would like to learn conversational skills. This phrasebook can help him with this.

In terms of language, the Kubachi ethnic group belongs to the Dargins. It is known that among the Dagestan languages, Dargin is one of the multi-dialect languages. Here are dialects that are close to each other and very distant. This situation quite accurately reflects the specifics that have developed in the Dargin language (As is known, the Dargin language (which is based on the Akushin dialect) is a smoothed, light language, less preserving signs of originality and archaism. There are no signs of mixing different Dargin dialects. Not so. For example , among the Laks, literary language which absorbs the features of all dialects. According to linguists, significant data on originality will be provided by the study of dialects.)
Some dialects are almost incomprehensible to speakers of other dialects. So is Kubachi. “The Kubachi people speak some special language that is incomprehensible to their neighbors,” some scientists believed and therefore attributed to them French, Genoese, and Greek origins.

In fact, due to deep phonetic and morphological changes, it differs significantly from other Dargin dialects, whose representatives - Akushins, Urakhins, Kaitags and others - do not understand Kubachi speech. Apparently, this was the reason for the creation of a kind of myth about the special language of the Kubachi people.

The complexities of the Kubachi language are caused by phonetic features that are absent in others and create certain difficulties for understanding. Let's look at the most significant ones:

Dargin alphabet:

Aa, bb, vv. Gg, G g g, G g g, G1 g1, Dd, Ee, e, Zh, Zz. Ii, y, Kk, Kb kb, Kb kk, K/ k/, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, T/ t/, Uu, Ff, Xx, Xxx, Xxx, XI x/, Tsts, Ts/ ts/, Chh, Ch/ h/, Shsh, Shchshch, ъ, ы, ь, Ue, Yuyu, Yaya.
The letters е, о, ы, ь are used only in borrowings from other languages.
The alphabet does not include the doubled letters kk, tt, xx, etc., as well as the letter p/ (kyap/a - “hat”).

1. The Kubachi dialect contains doubled or “strong” consonants (geminates), which are not present, for example, in the Urakhin or Akushin dialects:

2. In the Kubachi dialect the sound r is dropped, often causing the length of the preceding vowel:

3. The sound x/ or the complex px/ is dropped:

4. Indicators female(class) among the Kubachi people is j, among other Dargins it is p:

5. The Dargin ending of the verb (infinitive) - es in Kubachi corresponds to - y:

Check the pronunciation of these consonants in the most commonly used words:

gee	-	gyakka “give”, bagya - “price”, gyaa - “tell” (close to German h)
g	-	gаа - “twenty”, gаm — “pepper”, Gаpur — male name
G/	-	g/yab - “three”, G/yale (male name)
ky	-	kyarik "bull", kyai - "grass", kyanne - "late"
k	-	kyil - “line”, qap - “bag”, kaakya - “stone”
To/	-	k/a - “paper”, bik/ - “head”, k/alam - “pencil”
xx	-	khunul - “woman”, uukhu - “sea”, khur - “wind”
x	-	khaal - “house”, khay - “top”, khyab - “neck”
x/	-	x/yam/ya - “donkey”, X/yalimat is a female name.
G/	-	kyap/a - “hat”, p/ap/rus - “cigarette”
T/	-	t/amsa - “carpet”, t/abak/ - “tray”
h/	-	ch/ala - “fork”, ch/ich/ala - “snake”
ts/	-	ts/a - “fire”, ts/alipan - “lightning”.

The will of Andunik, son of Ibrahim, contains 16 Avar words written in unmodified Arabic script. According to B. M. Ataev, the early Avar records were not intended to record the Avar language itself.

Since the 16th century, Avar writing itself began to spread. Individual manuscripts from the 16th-19th centuries written in Avar have survived to this day. In the 17th century, recordings of the Avar language in Arabic letters were already quite widespread: glossaries of that period are known, compiled by Shaaban, the son of Ismail from Rims, as well as samples of the artistic works of Musalava Muhammad from Kudutlya.

ا	ب	پ	ت	ث	ج	چ	چّ	خ	خّ
ح	د	ر	ز	زّ	س	سّ	ش	شّ	ص
صّ	ط	ظ	ع	غ	ف	ۊ	ۊّ	ک	کّ
ڸ	ل	لّ	م	ن	و	ﻫ	ى

In the 1920s, the Arabic alphabet for the Avar language was reformed - letters were introduced for a number of specific Avar consonants, as well as signs for vowels that were absent in the traditional Arabic alphabet. The reformed alphabet was called the “new ajam” and was used until 1928. By the end of the 1920s, the Avar alphabet looked like this (the order of the letters was not respected): ڗ ژ ز څ ڲ خ و ﻁ ت ش ڝ س ر ڨ ق پ او ن م لّ ڸ ل ک ى اى ﻉ ﺡ ﻫ غ گ اه د ڃ ﺝ ب ا

Uslar alphabet

In the 1860s, after the annexation of Dagestan to Russian Empire, ethnographer and linguist P. K. Uslar The first Avar grammar was compiled (printed in 1889). This grammar used a modified Cyrillic alphabet with the addition of several Latin and Georgian letters. In 1865, in this alphabet Tiflis The first Avar book was published - “Otsebesab Khunderil Matsakul Zhuz - Avar Alphabet”. In the 1860s, a number of books were published in this alphabet. At the same time, attempts were made to introduce this alphabet into the sphere school education, but they did not bring noticeable success.

However, in the future, the Uslar alphabet found some use. In particular, the Avar translation of the Gospel of John (49 sheets), completed in 1900 by Javatkhan Gebedov from the village Teletl and written in the Uslar alphabet.

Latinization

In 1923, at the conference of Muslim peoples in Pyatigorsk the question was raised about transition Dagestan languages ​​into the Latin alphabet. However, at that time this question was considered premature - the clergy and part of the intelligentsia sharply objected to the Latin alphabet. This issue was raised again in 1926. In February 1928, the 2nd joint plenum of the regional committee and the Council of People's Commissars Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic set the task of developing Latinized alphabets for the peoples of the republic, including the Avars. In the same year, the alphabet was compiled and approved. According to the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, from October 1, 1930, the Latinized Avar alphabet became the only one acceptable for use in all official spheres.

The first version of the Avar Latinized alphabet did not have capital letters and looked like this: a, b, c, , d, e, g, ƣ, h, ħ, ⱨ, i, j, k, ⱪ, l, , , m, n, o, p, q, ꝗ, r, s, ş , s̷, t, , u, v, x, , x̵, z, ⱬ, ƶ, '. In 1932, an alphabet reform was carried out - capital letters and letters were introduced F f, Ç ç, letter excluded. As a result, the alphabet took the following form:

A a	Bb	C c	Ç ç	D d	E e	G g	Ƣ ƣ	H h	ħ
Ⱨ ⱨ	I i	Jj	K k	Ⱪ ⱪ	Ll	Ļ	Ꝉ	Mm	Nn
O o	P p	F f	Q q	Ꝗ ꝗ	R r	Ss	Ş ş	Ꞩ ꞩ	T t
	U u	Vv	X x		X̵ x̵	Z z	Ⱬ ⱬ	Ƶ ƶ	"

This alphabet was used until 1938.

Modern alphabet

At the end of the 1930s, the USSR began process translation of scripts into Cyrillic. During this process, on January 5, 1938, the Bureau of the Dagestan Regional Committee CPSU(b) decided to translate the alphabets of the peoples of Dagestan into Cyrillic. On February 8, this decision was approved by the Central Committee Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On February 10, the new Avar alphabet was published in the newspaper " Dagestan truth ».

Subsequently, minor changes were made to the alphabet (the letter Her and the letter is excluded Tl tl). In December 1952, at a scientific session of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Dagestan Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, it was decided to introduce the letter LӀ lӀ(one of the phonemes of the lateral row), and letter combinations tsӀtsӀ, chӀchӀ And kӀkӀ replaced by ts, whose And Ӏк respectively. However, this decision was not implemented. In 1993, this issue, among others, was again discussed at a conference on the problems of normalization of written languages ​​at the IYALI DSC RAS, where, in particular, it was proposed to replace tsӀtsӀ And chӀchӀ on cII And Part II or ts And h. This project was also not implemented.

Nowadays the Avar alphabet looks like this:

A a	B b	In in	G g	G g g	Gee gee	GӀ gӀ	D d	Her	Her	F
Z z	And and	Thy	K k	K	Whoa	КӀ кӀ	L l	L'l'	Mm	N n
Oh oh	P p	R r	With with	T t	TӀ tӀ	U y	F f	X x	x x x	HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR
XӀ xӀ	Ts ts	TsӀ tsӀ	H h	ChӀ chӀ	Sh sh	sch sch	Kommersant	Uh uh	Yu Yu	I I

Letter Гъ in the Avar alphabet it means uvular voiced spirant , Gy- laryngeal voiceless spirant, GӀ- pharyngeal voiced spirant, K- uvular aruptive , Q- lateral aruptive, KӀ- posterior lingual occlusive aruptive, L- lateral voiceless spirant and lateral voiceless affricate , ТӀ- anterior lingual occlusive aruptive, X- uvular voiceless affricate, xx- back-lingual voiceless spirant, ХӀ- pharyngeal voiceless spirant, TsӀ- whistling aburptive, ChӀ - hissing aburptive. Long sounds are indicated by doubling the corresponding letter - kk, kӀkӀ, lълъ, ss, хх, цц, цӀцӀ, чч, чӀчӀ, and only the long [ʃ] is indicated by a separate sign - sch. In this case, long consonants are indicated, as a rule, only if there is minimal pairs with corresponding short ones: swing"birch" and mahh"iron", but fur"it's time, time."

Alphabets correspondence table

Modern Cyrillic	MFA	Uslar	Latin	Arab alphabet
A	a	A	a	آ ,ا
b	b	b	b	ب
V	w	in, at	v	و
G	g	G	g	گ ,ڲ
g	ʁ	ӷ	ƣ	غ
gee	h	h	h	ﻫ
gI	ʕ	ꜧ	ⱨ	ع
d	d	d	d	د
e	e, je-	e	e, je-	اِ ,اه
and	ʒ	and	ƶ	ج ,ڗ
h	z	h	z	ز
And	i	i	i	اى ,اِ
th	j	j	j	ى
To	k	To	k	ک
(kk)	k:	To	kk	ک ,کّ
k	q'	q	q	ق
ky	t ɬ ’	ດ	ꝗ	ق ,ڸّ ,ۊّ ,ڨ
kI	k'	қ	ⱪ	گ ,ڲ ,ک
(kIkI)	k':	X	ⱪⱪ	کّ
l	l	l	l	ل
l	t ɬ , ɬ	ɳ	ļ	ڸ
(lol)	t ɬ :, ɬ:	ɳ̍, ɳّ	ꝉ, ļļ	ڸّ ,ڸ
m	m	m	m	م
n	n	n	n	ن
O	o	O	o	او
P	p	P	p	ف ,پ
R	r	R	r	ر
With	s	ç	s	س
(ss)	s:	With	ss	صّ ,ص
T	t	T	t	ت
tI	t'	ҭ	ƫ	ط
at	u	at	u	او
f	f		f	ف
X	χ	x	x	خ
(xx)	χ:	X	xx	خّ
x	q	k	ӿ	څ ,خّ
xx	x	h	ҳ	ݤ ,کّ
xI	ћ	h̑	ћ	ح
ts	ʦ	ꚑ	s	ڝ ,ز
(tsk)	ʦ:	ts	ss	زّ ,ز
cI	ʦ’	ts	ⱬ	ڗ ,ز ,زّ
(tsItsI)	ʦ’:	ts	ⱬⱬ	ژّ
h	ʧ	h	c	ج ,چ
(hh)	ʧ:	h̍	cc	ش ,چ ,چّ
hI	ʧ’	hّ	ç	چ ,چّ ,ڃ
(hIhI)	ʧ’:	h	çç	چّ
w	ʃ	w	ş	ش
sch	ʃː	w	şş	شّ
ъ	ʔ		’
uh	e	e	e-	اه
Yu	ju		ju
I	ja		ja

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Notes

1. , With. 23-25.
2. Khapizov Sh. M.// Bulletin of the Dagestan Scientific Center. - 2014. - No. 54. - pp. 67-74.
3. , With. 24-34.
4. Saidov M. D. The emergence of writing among the Avars // Languages ​​of Dagestan. - Makhach-Kala, 1948.
5. , With. 158-179.
6. // Culture and writing of the East. - B., 1928. - Issue. II. - pp. 176-177.
7. .
8. .
9. Isaev A. A. On the formation and development of the written language of the peoples of Dagestan // Sociological collection. - Mkh., 1970. - Issue. I. - pp. 173-232.
10. Gadzhiev M. M. , Mikailov Sh. I. // Questions of linguistics. - 1953. - No. 3. - pp. 159-162.
11. , With. 77.

Literature

• dibirop m. avar alipba. - Makhach-Kala, 1928.
• Şahnazarov Ħ. Avar alif. - Maħac-Ӿala, 1935.
• Isaev M. I. Language construction in the USSR. - M.: The science, 1979. - 352 p. - 2650 copies.
• Ataev B. M. Avars: history, language, writing. - Makhachkala, 1996.
• Ataev B. M.. - , 1998. - 45 p.
• Alekseev M. E. Avar language. - Languages Russian Federation and neighboring states. - M.: The science, 2001. - T. I. - 432 p. - 385 copies. -.
• ISBN 5-02-022647-5 Orazaev, Hasan Magomedrasulovich Orazaev G. M.

Avar culture (page missing) Avar diasporas (page missing) Diaspora Avar language And Avar dialects History of the Avars (page missing)

Story

An excerpt characterizing Avar writing
Sonya sat at the clavichord and played the prelude of the barcarolle that Denisov especially loved. Natasha was going to sing. Denisov looked at her with delighted eyes.
Nikolai began to walk back and forth around the room.
“And now you want to make her sing? – what can she sing? And there’s nothing fun here,” thought Nikolai.
Sonya struck the first chord of the prelude.
“My God, I am lost, I am a dishonest person. A bullet in the forehead, the only thing left to do is not sing, he thought. Leave? but where? anyway, let them sing!”
Nikolai gloomily, continuing to walk around the room, glanced at Denisov and the girls, avoiding their gaze.
“Nikolenka, what’s wrong with you?” – asked Sonya’s gaze fixed on him. She immediately saw that something had happened to him.
Nikolai turned away from her. Natasha, with her sensitivity, also instantly noticed her brother’s condition. She noticed him, but she herself was so happy at that moment, she was so far from grief, sadness, reproaches, that she (as often happens with young people) deliberately deceived herself. No, I’m having too much fun now to spoil my fun by sympathizing with someone else’s grief, she felt, and said to herself:
“No, I’m rightly mistaken, he should be as cheerful as I am.” Well, Sonya,” she said and went out to the very middle of the hall, where, in her opinion, the resonance was best. Raising her head, lowering her lifelessly hanging hands, as dancers do, Natasha, energetically shifting from heel to tiptoe, walked through the middle of the room and stopped.
“And why is she happy! - Nikolai thought, looking at his sister. And how isn’t she bored and ashamed!” Natasha hit the first note, her throat expanded, her chest straightened, her eyes took on a serious expression. She was not thinking about anyone or anything at that moment, and sounds flowed from her folded mouth into a smile, those sounds that anyone can make at the same intervals and at the same intervals, but which a thousand times leave you cold, in the thousand and first times they make you shudder and cry.
This winter Natasha began to sing seriously for the first time, especially because Denisov admired her singing. She no longer sang like a child, there was no longer in her singing that comic, childish diligence that was in her before; but she still did not sing well, as all the expert judges who listened to her said. “Not processed, but a wonderful voice, it needs to be processed,” everyone said. But they usually said this long after her voice had fallen silent. At the same time, when this raw voice sounded with irregular aspirations and with efforts of transitions, even the expert judges did not say anything, and only enjoyed this raw voice and only wanted to hear it again. In her voice there was that virginal pristineness, that ignorance of her own strengths and that still unprocessed velvet, which were so combined with the shortcomings of the art of singing that it seemed impossible to change anything in this voice without spoiling it.
“What is this? - Nikolai thought, hearing her voice and opening his eyes wide. -What happened to her? How does she sing these days? - he thought. And suddenly the whole world focused for him, waiting for the next note, the next phrase, and everything in the world became divided into three tempos: “Oh mio crudele affetto... [Oh my cruel love...] One, two, three... one, two... three... one... Oh mio crudele affetto... One, two, three... one. Eh, our life is stupid! - Nikolai thought. All this, and misfortune, and money, and Dolokhov, and anger, and honor - all this is nonsense... but here it is real... Hey, Natasha, well, my dear! Well, mother!... how will she take this si? I took it! God bless!" - and he, without noticing that he was singing, in order to strengthen this si, took the second to the third of a high note. "My God! how good! Did I really take it? how happy!” he thought.
ABOUT! how this third trembled, and how something better that was in Rostov’s soul was touched. And this was something independent of everything in the world, and above everything in the world. What kind of losses are there, and the Dolokhovs, and honestly!... It’s all nonsense! You can kill, steal and still be happy...

Rostov has not experienced such pleasure from music for a long time as on this day. But as soon as Natasha finished her barcarolle, reality came back to him again. He left without saying anything and went downstairs to his room. A quarter of an hour later the old count, cheerful and satisfied, arrived from the club. Nikolai, hearing his arrival, went to him.
- Well, did you have fun? - said Ilya Andreich, smiling joyfully and proudly at his son. Nikolai wanted to say “yes,” but he couldn’t: he almost burst into tears. The Count was lighting his pipe and did not notice his son’s condition.
“Oh, inevitably!” - Nikolai thought for the first and last time. And suddenly, in the most casual tone, such that he seemed disgusted to himself, as if he was asking the carriage to go to the city, he told his father.
- Dad, I came to you for business. I forgot about it. I need money.
“That’s it,” said the father, who was in a particularly cheerful spirit. - I told you that it won’t be enough. Is it a lot?
“A lot,” Nikolai said, blushing and with a stupid, careless smile, which for a long time later he could not forgive himself. – I lost a little, that is, a lot, even a lot, 43 thousand.
- What? Who?... You're kidding! - shouted the count, suddenly turning apoplectic red in the neck and back of his head, like old people blush.
“I promised to pay tomorrow,” said Nikolai.
“Well!...” said the old count, spreading his arms and sank helplessly onto the sofa.
- What to do! Who hasn't this happened to? - said the son in a cheeky, bold tone, while in his soul he considered himself a scoundrel, a scoundrel who whole life could not atone for his crime. He would have liked to kiss his father's hands, on his knees to ask for his forgiveness, but he said in a careless and even rude tone that this happens to everyone.
Count Ilya Andreich lowered his eyes when he heard these words from his son and hurried, looking for something.
“Yes, yes,” he said, “it’s difficult, I’m afraid, it’s difficult to get... never happened to anyone!” yes, who hasn’t happened to... - And the count glanced briefly into his son’s face and walked out of the room... Nikolai was preparing to fight back, but he never expected this.
- Daddy! pa... hemp! - he shouted after him, sobbing; excuse me! “And, grabbing his father’s hand, he pressed his lips to it and began to cry.

While the father was explaining to his son, an equally important explanation was taking place between the mother and daughter. Natasha ran to her mother excitedly.
- Mom!... Mom!... he did it to me...
- What did you do?
- I did, I proposed. Mother! Mother! - she shouted. The Countess could not believe her ears. Denisov proposed. To whom? This tiny girl Natasha, who had recently been playing with dolls and was now taking lessons.
- Natasha, that’s complete nonsense! – she said, still hoping that it was a joke.
- Well, that's nonsense! “I’m telling you the truth,” Natasha said angrily. – I came to ask what to do, and you tell me: “nonsense”...
The Countess shrugged.
“If it’s true that Monsieur Denisov proposed to you, then tell him that he’s a fool, that’s all.”
“No, he’s not a fool,” Natasha said offendedly and seriously.
- Well, what do you want? You are all in love these days. Well, you’re in love, so marry him! – the countess said, laughing angrily. - With God blessing!
- No, mom, I’m not in love with him, I must not be in love with him.
- Well, tell him so.
- Mom, are you angry? You’re not angry, my dear, what’s my fault?
- No, what about it, my friend? If you want, I’ll go and tell him,” said the countess, smiling.
- No, I’ll do it myself, just teach me. Everything is easy for you,” she added, responding to her smile. - If only you could see how he told me this! After all, I know that he didn’t mean to say this, but he said it by accident.
- Well, you still have to refuse.
- No, don't. I feel so sorry for him! He is so cute.
- Well, then accept the offer. “And then it’s time to get married,” the mother said angrily and mockingly.
- No, mom, I feel so sorry for him. I don't know how I'll say it.
“You don’t have anything to say, I’ll say it myself,” said the countess, indignant that they dared to look at this little Natasha as if she were big.
“No, no way, I myself, and you listen at the door,” and Natasha ran through the living room into the hall, where Denisov was sitting on the same chair, by the clavichord, covering his face with his hands. He jumped up at the sound of her light steps.
“Natalie,” he said, approaching her with quick steps, “decide my fate.” It's in your hands!
- Vasily Dmitrich, I feel so sorry for you!... No, but you are so nice... but don’t... this... otherwise I will always love you.
Denisov bent over her hand, and she heard strange sounds, incomprehensible to her. She kissed his black, matted, curly head. At this time, the hasty noise of the countess's dress was heard. She approached them.
“Vasily Dmitrich, I thank you for the honor,” said the countess in an embarrassed voice, but which seemed stern to Denisov, “but my daughter is so young, and I thought that you, as a friend of my son, would turn to me first.” In this case, you would not put me in the need of refusal.
“Athena,” Denisov said with downcast eyes and a guilty look, he wanted to say something else and faltered.
Natasha could not calmly see him so pitiful. She began to sob loudly.
“Countess, I am guilty before you,” Denisov continued in a broken voice, “but know that I adore your daughter and your entire family so much that I would give two lives...” He looked at the countess and, noticing her stern face... “Well, goodbye, Athena,” he said, kissed her hand and, without looking at Natasha, walked out of the room with quick, decisive steps.

The next day, Rostov saw off Denisov, who did not want to stay in Moscow for another day. Denisov was seen off at the gypsies by all his Moscow friends, and he did not remember how they put him in the sleigh and how they took him to the first three stations.
After Denisov’s departure, Rostov, waiting for the money that the old count could not suddenly collect, spent another two weeks in Moscow, without leaving the house, and mainly in the young ladies’ room.
Sonya was more tender and devoted to him than before. She seemed to want to show him that his loss was a feat for which she now loves him even more; but Nikolai now considered himself unworthy of her.
He filled the girls' albums with poems and notes, and without saying goodbye to any of his acquaintances, finally sending all 43 thousand and receiving Dolokhov's signature, he left at the end of November to catch up with the regiment, which was already in Poland.

After his explanation with his wife, Pierre went to St. Petersburg. In Torzhok there were no horses at the station, or the caretaker did not want them. Pierre had to wait. Without undressing, he lay down on a leather sofa in front of a round table, put his big feet in warm boots on this table and thought.
– Will you order the suitcases to be brought in? Make the bed, would you like some tea? - asked the valet.
Pierre did not answer because he did not hear or see anything. He began to think at the last station and continued to think about the same thing - about something so important that he did not pay any attention to what was happening around him. Not only was he not interested in the fact that he would arrive in St. Petersburg later or earlier, or whether he would or would not have a place to rest at this station, but it was still in comparison with the thoughts that occupied him now whether he would stay for a few days. hours or a lifetime at this station.
The caretaker, the caretaker, the valet, the woman with Torzhkov sewing came into the room, offering their services. Pierre, without changing his position with his legs raised, looked at them through his glasses, and did not understand what they could need and how they could all live without resolving the questions that occupied him. And he was preoccupied with the same questions from the very day he returned from Sokolniki after the duel and spent the first, painful, sleepless night; only now, in the solitude of the journey, did they take possession of him with special power. No matter what he started to think about, he returned to the same questions that he could not solve, and could not stop asking himself. It was as if the main screw on which his whole life was held had turned in his head. The screw did not go in further, did not go out, but spun, not grabbing anything, still on the same groove, and it was impossible to stop turning it.
The caretaker came in and humbly began to ask His Excellency to wait only two hours, after which he would give courier for His Excellency (what will happen, will happen). The caretaker was obviously lying and only wanted to get extra money from the passerby. “Was it bad or good?” Pierre asked himself. “For me it’s good, for another person passing through it’s bad, but for him it’s inevitable, because he has nothing to eat: he said that an officer beat him for this. And the officer nailed him because he needed to go faster. And I shot at Dolokhov because I considered myself insulted, and Louis XVI was executed because he was considered a criminal, and a year later they killed those who executed him, also for something. What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live, and what am I? What is life, what is death? What force controls everything?” he asked himself. And there was no answer to any of these questions, except for one, not a logical answer, not to these questions at all. This answer was: “If you die, everything will end. You’ll die and find out everything, or you’ll stop asking.” But it was also scary to die.
The Torzhkov merchant offered her goods in a shrill voice, especially goat shoes. “I have hundreds of rubles that I have nowhere to put, and she stands in a torn fur coat and timidly looks at me,” thought Pierre. And why is this money needed? Can this money add exactly one hair to her happiness, peace of mind? Could anything in the world make her and me less susceptible to evil and death? Death, which will end everything and which should come today or tomorrow, is still in a moment, in comparison with eternity.” And he again pressed the screw that was not gripping anything, and the screw still turned in the same place.