1.5 Thinking and acting Bogbaz10, §5, 46-47; 48 - 53; Bogprof10, §8, 85-88 (social essence of activity, thinking and activity, thinking and language); Bogprof10, §17, 168-171 (structure of activity), 174 (types of activity).

Thinking

The medium of thought is language.

Types of thinking .

1) Figurative thinking. The task is given clearly, in a concrete form. The way to solve it will be practical action. characteristic of primitive man

2) Conceptual (theoretical) thinking. The task is set as theoretical. The way to solve it is the use of abstract concepts, theoretical knowledge. characteristic of modern man.

3) Sign thinking. It is due to the penetration of the exact sciences into the human worldview. Knowledge exists in linguistic signs (signs-signals, signs-signs), which have a cognitive image of certain phenomena as their meaning. Science is increasingly using symbolism as a means of expressing the results of mental activity.

.

1) The presence of a need (material or spiritual) to understand, learn, explain something.

2) Formulation of the task (question)

3) The solution of the task (i.e. the thought process) using the methods of analysis and synthesis, by performing various mental operations

Forms of thought :

1) conceptual; 2) associative-figurative; 3) verbal-speech; 4) activity-gun.

deyavalidity is a form of human activity aimed at transforming the world around them.

Activity structures:

An object is something to which an activity is directed.

The subject is the one who implements it.

The goal is an ideal image of the result that the subject seeks to obtain.

Means to achieve it

Result

The main motive that motivates a person to activity is his desire to satisfy his needs.

Needs:

Physiological

Social

Ideal

Activities:

Practical activity (transformation of objects of nature and society existing in reality).

Material and production

socially transformative

Spiritual (change of consciousness of people)

1. Cognitive

   value-oriented

predictive

Activities can be constructive or destructive.

Communication is a process of information exchange between equal subjects of activity.

Types of communication:

Communication between real subjects (between two people).

Communication between a real subject and an illusory partner (a person with an animal, which he endows with some qualities unusual for him).

Communication of a real subject with an imaginary partner (it means communication of a person with his inner voice).

Communication of imaginary partners (literary characters).

Forms of communication:

• Monologue or remarks.

Communication- is the process of interaction between two or more subjects for the purpose of transferring information.

in detail

7.1. Activity.

7.1.1. What is human activity?

7.1.2. Differences between human activity and animal behavior.

7.1.3. Activity structure:

7.1.4. Activities.

7.1.5. Creation.

7.2. Thinking.

7.2.1. What is thinking?

7.2.2. Types of thinking.

7.2.3. Forms of thinking:

7.2.4. Thinking and language.

7.2.5. Stages of mental activity.

7.3. Activity or vanity of vanities ?

7.1 . Activity.

7.1.1. What is human activity?

Activity- a specifically human form of active attitude to the world around, its expedient change and transformation.

7.1.2. Differences between human activity and animal behavior.

human activities:

1) adaptation to the natural environment through its large-scale transformation, the creation of an artificial environment for human existence;

2) goal setting in activities;

3) conscious setting of goals related to the ability to analyze the situation;

4) the impact on the environment with special means of labor, the creation of artificial objects that enhance the physical abilities of a person (the ability to make tools for making tools);

5) creative nature of the activity;

6) the ability to think abstractly and express in articulate speech the content, the results of one's thinking.

animal behavior:

1) adaptation to environmental conditions by restructuring one's own organism (mutation);

2) expediency in behavior;

4) influence on nature only by the organs of the body;

5) consumer character - they do not create anything new, they only use what is given by nature from the very beginning.

How does human labor differ from animal labor??

Activity is a specifically human form of interaction with the outside world. In the process of activity, a person cognizes the world, creates the conditions necessary for his own existence (food, clothing, housing, etc.), spiritual products (for example, science, literature, music, painting), as well as himself (his will, character, abilities) .An integral feature of activity is its 1) awareness. Its other characteristics include 2) productivity, 3) transformative and 4) social character.

Many actions performed by animals outwardly resemble the labor actions of people. For example, beavers, like people, build dams on rivers; birds build nests. Animals teach their young to hunt and get food. Many stock up for the winter. And bees and ants are sometimes even called "social animals", since they act together and their joint actions are distinguished by a clear organization and distribution of "roles".

3) People are driven by conscious motives and consciously put forward goals of activity, and the behavior of animals is exclusively instinctive. Animal behavior is not associated with independent goal setting and its meaningful acceptance. The tasks that animals “solve” face them objectively, and the way they solve them is inherited by one generation of animals after another. Not a single animal is able to invent its own, original, not similar to the existing one, a way to solve a particular problem. An animal cannot go beyond the biological program of its actions. In labor activity, a person consciously puts forward a goal, chooses rational ways its achievements, resorts to creative solutions. 4) The ability to work together is mistakenly considered by many to be an ability inherent in both man and animals. But if we remember that animals act, and do not work, that they are driven by instincts, unconditioned reflexes, and not consciously set goals and volitional efforts, we can unequivocally state that labor is a type of activity peculiar only to man.

7.1.2. Activity structure:

2) funds;

3) products (results);

4) motives;

5) actions.

7.1.3. Activities.

Classification No. 1 (by content):

2) teaching (study, knowledge);

4) communication.

Work- an activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Features of work activity: expediency; focus on achieving expected results; availability of knowledge, skills, abilities; practical usefulness; getting a result; transformation of the external environment.

Doctrine- an activity aimed at acquiring a person of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Teaching can be organized (in educational institutions) and unorganized (side, additional result of other activities).

The game- an activity that is focused not so much on a specific result as on the process of the game itself.

Features of gaming activity: occurs in a conditional situation; so-called substitute items are used; is aimed at satisfying the interest of its participants; contributes to the development of personality.

Communication– 1) establishment and development of mutual relations, contacts between people; 2) the type of activity in which there is an exchange of ideas and emotions.

How are activity and communication related?? (points of view):

1) Communication is an element of any activity, and activity is a necessary condition for communication, you can put an equal sign between them.

2) Communication is one of the types of human activity along with play, work, etc.

3) Communication and activity are different categories, two sides of a person's social existence: labor activity can proceed without communication, and communication can exist without activity.

Communication and communication.

Communication is communication, the exchange of information between people.

Differences:

1) Recipient of information: communication - a person; communication - man, animal, machine.

2) the nature of the exchange: communication: mutual exchange with the active participation of each subject; communication: a unidirectional flow of information with a formal feedback.

3) Effects: communication: the community of participants is enhanced; communication: participants remain isolated.

Types of communication.

By means of communication used:

1) direct - with the help of natural organs;

2) indirect - with the help of special means (newspaper or CD);

3) direct - personal contacts and direct perception of each other;

4) indirect - through intermediaries, which may be other people.

By subjects of communication:

1) between real subjects;

2) between a real subject and an illusory partner, to whom the qualities of the subject of communication are attributed;

3) between a real subject and an imaginary partner (“inner voice”);

4) between imaginary partners (artistic image).

Communication functions:

1) socialization;

2) cognitive;

3) psychological;

4) identifications (an expression of a person's involvement in a group: "I am mine" or "I am a stranger");

5) organizational.

Classification No. 2 (by objects and results of activities):

1) practical: material and production (transformation of nature), social transformation (transformation of nature);

2) spiritual (cognitive, value-oriented, prognostic).

Classification No. 3 (by the nature of the consequences):

1) creative;

2) destructive.

7.1.4. Creation.

Creation- an activity that generates something 1) qualitatively 2) new, never existed before or active, 3) meeting the needs of the time, the development of the already existing wealth of culture.

Creativity is a synthetic type of human activity that combines at a new, higher level some elements of both pre-labor instinctive activity of people (internal motivation of activity) and labor (realization of the goals of activity).

Mechanisms of creative activity:

1) combining, varying existing knowledge, known methods of action;

2) imagination;

3) fantasy;

4) intuition.

7.2 . Thinking.

7.2.1. What is thinking?

Thinking- an active process of reflecting the objective world in concepts, judgments, theories, etc.

The biological basis of thinking is the human brain.

The medium of thought is language.

The basis of thinking is sensory experience, which is transformed in thinking through its generalization, identifying the necessary features and properties of objects.

7.2.2. Types of thinking.

Thinking is a complex socio-historical phenomenon. Its development is characterized by increased abstraction and generalization.

Features of the thinking of primitive man differ from modern man in sensual concreteness and objectivity, in contrast to great generalizing abilities. At different stages of human development, his mental abilities, different types of thinking dominated:

1) Figurative thinking. The task is given clearly, in a concrete form. The way to solve it will be practical action. It is peculiar to primitive man and people of the first earthly civilizations.

2) Conceptual (theoretical) thinking. The task is set as theoretical. The way to solve it will be the use of abstract concepts, theoretical knowledge. characteristic of modern man.

3) Sign thinking. It is due to the penetration into the human worldview of the exact sciences and their formalized knowledge, artificial, sign languages. Knowledge exists in linguistic signs (signs-signals, signs-signs), which have as their meaning a cognitive image of certain phenomena, processes of objective reality. Science is increasingly using symbolism as a means of expressing the results of mental activity.

In its pure form, certain types of thinking are difficult to notice. It is advisable to talk about the predominance of one type or another. In the process of thinking, a person gradually discovered an increasing number of laws in the surrounding world, i.e. essential, repetitive, stable connections of things. Having formulated the laws, a person began to use them in further cognition, which gave him the opportunity to actively influence nature and social life.

7.2.2. Forms of thought:

2) associative-figurative;

3) verbal-speech;

4) activity-gun.

7.2.3. Thinking and language.

Thinking is inextricably linked with language. Language is the expression of human thought. With its help, a person cognizes the objective world. This happens because the language in one way or another corresponds to the objects of reality, their properties and relations. In other words, there are elements in the language that replace the named objects. They play the role of representatives of objects of knowledge in thinking, they are signs of objects, properties or relationships.

7.2.4. Stages of mental activity.

Although thinking is a process that takes place in the cerebral cortex, it is social in nature. To set and solve any problem, a person uses the laws, rules, concepts that were discovered in human practice. The thinking process goes through several stages:

1) The presence of a need (material or spiritual) or the need to understand, learn, explain something. The presence of interest in that new, unknown, that a person noticed in the surrounding reality. The ability to identify the new, the unusual from the known. The desire to learn, understand, reveal this new, unfamiliar.

2) Formulation of the task (question) - the definition of the subject of thinking and the direction of the thought process.

3) The solution of the task (i.e. the thought process) using the methods of analysis and synthesis, by performing various mental operations: comparison, classification, systematization, generalization, abstraction, concretization.

4) Achievement of new knowledge that a person did not possess before.

7.3 . Activity or vanity of vanities?

According to his activity, a person is redundant, he produces a lot of things that are completely unnecessary to him. Perhaps this redundancy is one of the reasons for the ecological absurdity in which we find ourselves today. It is known that only 2% of the developed natural resources are directly related to the satisfaction of vital human needs. Everything else is ultimately a dump of trinkets, jewelry and crazy technologies aimed at satisfying human vanity.

Cogito ergo sum! “I think, therefore I am,” said Rene Descartes. Let us analyze the theoretical aspect of the relationship between thinking and human activity, expressed in activity.

Thinking and activity. Analysis of the theme of the USE codifier

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Activity is a human form of activity aimed at transforming the environment.

Activity structure:

😼Motive is the urge to activity associated with satisfaction.
💭 The goal is the conscious anticipated to achieve which it is aimed
✒Means are techniques, methods of action, objects. Actions are a manifestation of the will of people.
🏁 The result is the end result that completes the activity.
🏃 The subject is the one who carries out the activity:
🍃 An object is what the activity of the object or the whole is directed to. the world

Motives of activity:
🔆Needs are a person's need for what is necessary for life and development.
🔆Social attitudes are the orientation of a person towards something.
🔆 Beliefs are emotionally valuable attitudes towards reality.
🔆Interests are the real reason for action behind
Attractions are mental states that express an unconscious (insufficiently conscious need).

Thinking and activity are the main categories that distinguish a person from the animal world. Only man is capable of thinking and transforming activity.

Thinking is a function of the human brain resulting from its nervous activity. However, thinking cannot be fully explained solely by the activity of the brain. Mental activity is connected not only with biological but also with social development, as well as with speech and human. Forms of thinking:

📌Thinking is characterized by such processes as:

analysis(decomposition of concepts into parts),
synthesis(combining facts into a concept),
abstraction(distraction from the properties of the subject during its study, evaluation of it "from the outside"),
setting goals,
finding ways to solve them,
hypotheses(assumptions) and ideas.

It is inextricably linked with the results of thinking reflected in Speech and thinking have similar logical and grammatical structures, they are interconnected and interdependent. Not everyone notices that when a person thinks, he pronounces his thoughts to himself, conducts an internal dialogue.

This fact confirms the relationship between thinking and speech.

Video lecture on the topic “Natural and social in man. Thinking and activity ”you can get from an USE expert by subscribing to a free mini-video course on the main topics of the USE in social studies.

In the topic of the online essay group

Social science. Full course of preparation for the Unified State Examination Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.5. Thinking and activity

1.5. Thinking and activity

Ancient philosophers and scientists began to explore thinking ( Parmenides, Protagoras, Epicurus, Aristotle) from the standpoint of philosophy and logic. In the Middle Ages, the study of thinking was exclusively empirical in nature. During the Renaissance, sensationalists gave decisive importance to sensation and perception; rationalists considered thinking an autonomous, rational act, free from direct feeling. At the end of the XIX century. pragmatists argued that thoughts are true not because they reflect the material world, but through usefulness to humans. In the XX century. theories appeared: behaviorism (thinking is considered as a process of forming connections between stimuli and reactions), psychoanalysis (studies unconscious forms of thinking, the dependence of thinking on motives and needs); psychological theory of activity (thinking is the lifetime ability to solve problems and transform reality), etc.

Thinking - an active process of reflecting objective reality in concepts, judgments, theories, which is the highest level of human knowledge. Thinking, having its only source of sensation, crosses the boundaries of directly sensory reflection and allows one to gain knowledge about such objects, properties and relations of the real world that cannot be directly perceived by a person. Thinking is the subject of study of the theory of knowledge and logic, psychology and neurophysiology; is studied in cybernetics in connection with the problems of technical modeling of mental operations. Thinking is a function of the brain and is a natural process. Each individual person becomes the subject of thinking only by mastering the language, concepts, logic, which are the products of the development of social practice, since in order to set and solve any problem, a person uses laws, rules, concepts that were discovered in human practice. Human thinking is by its nature social, has a socio-historical nature. The objective material form of thinking is language. Thinking is inextricably linked with language. Language is the expression of human thought.

Thinking is personal. This is manifested in what tasks attract the attention of a particular person, how he solves each of them, what feelings he experiences when solving them. The subjective moment appears both in the relations that have developed in a person, and in the conditions in which this process takes place, and in the methods used, and in the wealth of knowledge and the success of their application.

A distinctive feature of mental activity is the inclusion in this process of the emotional-volitional aspects of the personality, which manifest themselves: in the form of motives, motives; in the form of a reaction to a discovery made, to a solution found or to a failure; in relation to the content of the task itself.

Features of thinking: sensual concreteness and objectivity (primitive man); great generalizing abilities (modern man).

Stages of thinking: 1) formulation of the task (question); 2) decision; 3) the achievement of new knowledge.

Thinking types:

1) figurative. The way to solve it will be practical action. It is peculiar to primitive man and people of the first earthly civilizations.

2) Conceptual (theoretical). The way to solve it will be the use of abstract concepts, theoretical knowledge. characteristic of modern man.

3) iconic. Knowledge exists in linguistic signs (signs-signals, signs-signs, etc.), which have as their meaning a cognitive image of certain phenomena, processes of objective reality. Science is increasingly and more effectively using symbolism as a means of expressing the results of mental activity.

Forms of thinking: concept; judgment; inference.

The main types of mental (logical) operations: comparison; analysis; synthesis; abstraction; specification; induction; deduction; classification; generalization.

Thinking is the basis of behavior, adaptation; thinking is connected with activity, since in its process a number of tasks are first solved, and then the mental project is carried out in practice.

In the process of thinking, a person gradually discovered in the world around him an increasing number of laws, that is, essential, repetitive, stable connections of things. Having formulated the laws, a person began to use them in further knowledge, which gave him the opportunity to actively influence nature and social life.

Activity - a specifically human form of an active relationship to the world around, regulated by consciousness, generated by needs, the content of which is its expedient change and transformation, creatively transforming attitude to the world around.

Human activity differs from the life activity of animals in that it presupposes the presence of a subject of action that opposes the object and acts on it.

The history of the concept of "activity"

A) activity as the basis and principle of all culture ( I. Kant)

B) rationalistic concept of activity ( G. Hegel).

C) activity as a source of origin of diverse cultural products and forms of social life ( L. S. Vygodsky).

D) the theory of social action ( M. Weber, F. Znamensky) reveals the value of value attitudes and orientations, motives of activity, expectations, claims, etc.

The main signs of human activity:

* adaptation to the natural environment through its large-scale transformation, leading to the creation of an artificial environment for human existence;

* conscious setting of goals related to the ability to analyze the situation (discover cause-and-effect relationships, anticipate results, think over the most appropriate ways to achieve them);

* impact on the environment by specially made means of labor, the creation of artificial objects that enhance the physical capabilities of a person;

* productive, creative, constructive character.

Activity structure

Subject– source of activity, actor (person, team, society).

An object- what the activity is aimed at (subject, process, phenomenon, internal state of a person). The object of activity can be a natural material or object (land in agricultural activities), another person (a student as an object of study) or the subject himself (in the case of self-education, sports training).

motive- a need-based conscious motivation that justifies and justifies the activity. In the process of forming a motive, needs are mediated by interests, traditions, beliefs, social attitudes, etc.

Target- a conscious idea of ​​the result of activity, anticipation of the future. The goal can be complex and sometimes requires a series of intermediate steps (tasks) to achieve it.

Funds- techniques used in the course of activities, methods of action, objects, etc. The means must be proportionate to the goal, moral; one cannot justify immoral means by the nobility of the end.

Action- an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity is made up of individual actions. German sociologist Max Weber (1865–1920) singled out the following types of social actions: goal-oriented (actions focused on achieving a reasonable song); value-rational (actions based on beliefs, principles, moral and aesthetic values); affective (actions committed under the influence of strong feelings - hatred, fear); traditional - actions based on habit, often an automatic reaction developed on the basis of customs, beliefs, patterns, etc.

Special forms of action: actions (actions that have value-rational, moral significance); deeds (actions that have a high positive social value).

Result- the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). The result of the activity may not coincide with the purpose of the activity. The parameters of the result of activity are quantitative and qualitative indicators, according to which the result is compared with the goal. Through activity, the freedom of a person is realized, since in its process he makes his choice.

Main classifications of activities

1) depending on the characteristics of a person's relationship to the world around: material, practical (aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society) and spiritual (associated with a change in individual and social consciousness);

2) depending on the course of history, social progress: progressive, reactionary, creative, destructive;

3) depending on the social forms of association of people: individual, collective, mass;

4) depending on the nature of the functions performed by a person: physical labor (characterized by a load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body) and mental labor (labor that combines work related to the reception and processing of information, requiring attention, memory, activation of thinking processes );

5) in accordance with legal norms: legal and illegal;

6) in accordance with moral standards: moral and immoral;

7) depending on the spheres of public life: economic, social, political and spiritual;

8) according to the characteristics of the manifestation of human activity: external (movements, muscle efforts, actions with real objects) and internal (mental actions);

9) by the nature of the activity itself - reproductive (activity according to the model) and creative (activity with elements of innovation, departure from patterns and standards). The most important mechanisms of creative activity: combination, imagination, fantasy, intuition - knowledge, the conditions for obtaining which are not realized.

Activity types

A game is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself is entertainment, recreation. The beginning of the study of the game was laid by the ideas F. Schiller, G. Spencer, F. Nietzsche. Characteristic features of the game: takes place in a conditional situation; in its process, substitute objects are used; is aimed at satisfying the interest of its participants; contributes to the development of personality, enriches it, equips it with the necessary skills.

Doctrine- a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. Teaching can be organized (carried out in educational institutions) and unorganized (carried out in other activities). Teaching can acquire the character of self-education.

Work- any conscious human activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Characteristic features of labor: expediency; focus on achieving programmed expected results; availability of skills, abilities, knowledge; practical usefulness; getting a result; personal development; transformation of the human environment.

Communication- the process of interconnection and interaction of social subjects (classes, groups, individuals), in which there is an exchange of activities, information, experience, abilities, skills, as well as the results of activities; one of the necessary and universal conditions for the formation and development of society and the individual. In the process of communication, social experience is transmitted and assimilated, the structure and essence of the interacting subjects change, historically specific types of personalities are formed, and the socialization of the individual takes place.

Classifications of communication

A) according to the means of communication used: immediate(with the help of natural organs - hands, head, vocal cords, etc.); indirect(with the help of specially adapted or invented means - a newspaper, a CD, a footprint on the ground, etc.); direct(personal contacts and direct perception of each other); indirect(through intermediaries, which may be other people);

B) by subjects of communication: between real subjects; between a real subject and an illusory partner, to whom qualities of the subject of communication that are unusual for him are attributed (these can be pets, toys, etc.); between a real subject and an imaginary partner, manifests itself in an internal dialogue (“inner voice”), in a dialogue with the image of another person; between imaginary partners - artistic images of works.

A special place in the system of activities belongs to creativity. Creative activity- a process of activity that creates qualitatively new material and spiritual values ​​or the result of creating an objectively new one. The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing (production) is the uniqueness of its result. Signs of creative activity are originality, unusualness, originality, and its result is inventions, new knowledge, values, works of art.

In each type of activity, specific goals, tasks are set, a special arsenal of means, operations and methods is used to achieve the set goals. All types of activity exist in interaction with each other, which determines the systemic nature of all spheres of public life.

Characteristic features of activity as a way of existence of people:

conscious character- a person consciously puts forward the goals of the activity and foresees its results;

productive character- is aimed at obtaining a result (product);

transformative character- a person changes the world around him and himself;

public character- a person in the process of activity, as a rule, enters into various relationships with other people.

Activity- an indispensable condition of human life: it created man himself, preserved him in history and predetermined the progressive development of culture; carried out in the environment (industrial, household, natural environment). Activity requires from a person high mobility of nervous processes, fast and accurate movements, increased activity of perception, attention, memory, thinking, emotional stability.

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Human. Depending on the situation, it can refer to both the creative field of activity and the educational one. Another important term is thought is the result or intermediate stage of the thinking process. Thought can mean "concept", "idea", "meaning". Thinking is the same way of knowing the world as sensation or perception, only of a higher level, since animals also have perception and sensations, and only humans have thinking.

Some philosophers understand thinking differently. They believe that thought is not the result of thinking as an activity: there is an abstract mental sphere in which ready-made thoughts soar; and the process of thinking consists in the extraction by man of thoughts from this sphere. But we will not stumble into esotericism and consider thinking from the point of view of psychology and sociology.

thought processes.

thought processes, or operations of thinking, are ways of knowing the surrounding reality through thoughts. Here are the main ones:

1. Analysis. Mental or practical (manual) process of dividing an object or phenomenon into components. Roughly speaking, this is the disassembly and inspection of components.
2. Synthesis. The reverse process is the combination of components into a single whole, as well as the identification of relationships between them.
3. Classification. The decomposition of objects or phenomena into different groups according to certain characteristics.
4. Comparison. Finding differences and similarities in compared elements.
5. Generalization. A less detailed synthesis is a combination based on common features without identifying links between them. This process is not always separated from synthesis.
6. Specification. The process of extracting the particular from the general is essentially a refinement for better understanding.
7. Abstraction. Consideration of only one side of an object or phenomenon, since the rest are not of interest at the moment.

Most psychologists consider the first two types of thought processes (synthesis and analysis) to be the main ones, and the rest to be auxiliary. Some even consider only these two.

Types of thinking.

1. Logics. This is a kind of absolute objective thinking based on definitions, classification, analysis, evidence and refutation. This is a kind of mathematical way of thinking that does not allow abstractions and assumptions. Logic is also the science of the methods and laws of cognitive intellectual activity. Scientists also call logic right thinking».
2. Reflection. Thinking of a person, directed at himself and his own activity, that is, introspection. The significance of reflection for philosophy lies in the fact that a person not only knows something, but also knows that he knows it. In psychology, everything is somewhat simpler - the value lies in the ability to introspection, self-criticism and adjustment of one's own actions.
3. Meditation. From the point of view of the human sciences in general and psychology in particular, this is a special kind of in-depth thinking (reflection) about a particular subject, phenomenon, spiritual truth or moral idea, in which a person abstracts from all other external and internal factors. The main element of meditation is contemplation.
4. Intuition. Intuition is a kind of antonym for logic. This is a kind of cognitive thinking based on the comprehension of truth without logic and analytics through imagination, insight, the use of accumulated experience and “intuition”. Even Plato distinguished two types of knowledge - logical and intuitive. If we completely abstract from metaphysics, then intuition is an understanding of something based on previous experience with the same object or phenomenon. For example, when you first start Windows 8, it is intuitive for you to open drives, copy text, view the context menu, etc., because before that you used Windows 7 for four years.

In conclusion, two more methods of cognitive activity, often undeservedly ignored in the study of thinking:

• analogy(identification of similar phenomena, similarities), a more extended process of thinking than comparison, as it includes the search for similar phenomena in a historical format;
• deduction(a method of thinking in which a logical conclusion emerges from a whole chain of conclusions) - in everyday life this kind of logic became popular thanks to Arthur Conan Doyle and his Sherlock Holmes.

Thinking- an active process of reflecting the objective world in concepts, judgments, theories, etc.

Despite the fact that thinking is a process that takes place in the human cerebral cortex, it is by its nature socially. After all, for setting and solving any problem, a person uses the laws, rules, concepts that were discovered in human practice.

Thinking is inextricably linked to language. Language is the expression of human thought. With its help, a person cognizes the objective world. This happens because the language in one way or another corresponds to the objects of reality, their properties and relations. In other words, there are elements in the language that replace the named objects. They play the role of representatives of objects of knowledge in thinking, they are signs of objects, properties or relationships.

Mediated nature thinking lies in the fact that a knowing person, with the help of thinking, penetrates into the hidden properties, connections, relations of objects.

The thinking process goes through a number of stages.

Thinking has personal character. This is manifested in what tasks attract the attention of a particular person, how he solves each of them, what feelings he experiences when solving them. The subjective moment also appears in the attitudes that have developed in a person to what he cognizes, and in the conditions in which this process takes place, and in the perfection of the methods used, and in the wealth of knowledge and the success of their application.

A distinctive feature of mental activity is the inclusion in this process emotional and volitional aspects of personality that appear: in the form motives, motives for which a person undertakes difficult mental work; in the shape of reactions to a discovery made, to a solution found or to a failure (joy, pride, self-confidence; annoyance, chagrin, despondency, apathy, etc.); in relation to the content of the task itself.

Thinking is complex socio-historical phenomenon. Its development is characterized by increased abstraction and generalization.

At different stages of human development, his mental abilities were dominated by different types of thinking.

In its pure form, certain types of thinking are difficult to notice. It is advisable to talk about the predominance of one type or another.

In the process of thinking, a person gradually discovered an increasing number of laws in the world around him, i.e. essential, repetitive, stable connections of things. Having formulated the laws, a person began to use them in further knowledge, which gave him the opportunity to actively influence nature and social life.

Job Sample

B2. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are connected with the concept of “thinking”.

Image; language; performance; temperament; sign.

Find and indicate a term that is not related to the concept of "thinking".

Answer: Temperament.