What is an archive around the world? Presentation of a lesson on the subject "the world around us"
1. Are you interested in the past of your native country, of all humanity? If so, why? Write.
You need to know the past so as not to repeat its mistakes. To know how people lived then, what happened before and what didn’t exist. How the world and my country developed.
2. Using the textbook, formulate and write down definitions.
Story - this is the science of the past (the story of the past, the past of people).
Historical source - this is all that can tell us about people's past.
Archeology - is a science that learns about the past by studying ancient objects, structures
3. Read the sentences. Which ones talk about historical sources? Mark these sentences with a “+” sign.
- In the Botanical Garden, Kostya saw many amazing plants from all over the world.
- During the New Year holidays, many schoolchildren go on tourist trips with their teachers.
- While helping his grandmother dig the ground for planting potatoes, ten-year-old Timur found an old coin.
- At the end of the 18th century, a beautiful building appeared in Moscow - Pashkov House. Now the Russian State Library is located here.
- In her grandfather’s library, Nadya found a book of culinary recipes published in the 19th century.
- In the local history museum, schoolchildren looked with interest at ancient household items: porcelain dishes, furniture, clothes.
- From the news program, Olesya learned that an Amur tiger cub had been born at the zoo.
4. Give your own examples of historical sources. (Write at least three examples.)
Books, coins, amulets, sculptures, dishes, clothing, paintings, drawings, chronicles.
What did the other guys say? Complete your list with 1-2 examples from those they gave.
5. Look at the picture painted on a historical subject. To find out what is depicted in the picture, you can turn to a historian for help. What questions will you ask him? Write down these questions.
Where is this place?
How did this fight end?
Who are these people?
What nations fought in this war?
When did this fight take place?
Try to find answers to these questions in additional literature and the Internet. Prepare an (oral) story based on the picture using this information.
The painting by artist Mikhail Ivanovich Avilov “Duel on the Kulikovo Field,” which was painted in 1943, depicts the battle of the Russian hero Peresvet with the Tatar warrior Chelubey.
It was one of the most famous fights in Russian history. It took place on September 8, 1380 on the Kulikovo field, located on the banks of the Nepryadva River (now this place is located in the Tula region).
It was with the duel between Peresvet and Chelubey that the Battle of Kulikovo began - the battle of the Russian army under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Donskoy with the Tatar army under the leadership of the temnik of the Golden Horde, Mamai.
In those days, duels between the most powerful enemy troops were arranged in order to determine which army would attack first. Resolving this was incredibly important, especially in situations where the opposing sides were approximately equal. The fact is that the army attacking first always suffered heavy losses.
In the duel on the Kulikovo field, both heroes died, but victory remained with the Russian warrior Peresvet, since he managed to ride his horse to the Russian troops, and Chelubey remained lying at the scene of the fight.
Thanks to the feat of Peresvet, Russian troops gained an advantage in the battle and won on the Kulikovo field. This greatly shook the dominance of the Golden Horde and became the first step towards the liberation of Rus' from the Golden Horde yoke.
Lesson 7. THE WORLD THROUGH THE EYES OF A HISTORIAN. WHAT IS HISTORY?
21.08.2014 7222 0Goals:
1. Introduce students to the science of history.
2. To form in students an idea of the world around us from the point of view of historians.
3. Develop curiosity, the ability to observe, reason and generalize, based on acquired knowledge and one’s own observations.
EQUIPMENT: photographs or postcards depicting museums; scheme “Historical sources”; cards with words.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
The bell is ringing
Let's start our lesson.
We have a lot to understand
To become historians.
Teacher. Guys, today we will get acquainted with such a science as history. Let's find out what kind of “helpers” she has. And then we will be able to look at the world around us through the eyes of a historian.
II. Checking homework.
The teacher conducts a frontal question:
– Why does the Sun heat different parts of the Earth differently?
– What heat zones are there on Earth?
– How does the distribution of heat on Earth affect flora and fauna?
– Which countries are located in temperate zones?
– Which countries are located in the polar zones?
Students work on the Heat Belts test.
Teacher. Choose the correct statement.
1. The sun illuminates and heats different parts of the Earth:
a) the same;
b) in different ways.
2. At the equator, the sun's rays fall on the Earth:
a) vertically;
b) obliquely.
3. In the area of the South and North Poles, the sun's rays fall on the Earth:
a) vertically;
b) obliquely.
4. The tropical belt passes through:
a) equator;
b) South Tropic;
c) The Antarctic Circle.
5. Most of Russia lies:
a) in the temperate zone;
b) tropical zone;
c) polar zone.
6. Polar belts are limited:
a) the equator;
b) Northern and Southern tropics;
c) Northern and Southern polar circles.
Answer to the text: 1(b), 2(a), 3(b), 4(a), 5(a), 6(c).
III. Learning new material.
Teacher. Write down the topic of the lesson “The world through the eyes of a historian.”
Many events happen in the life of every person. We remember many of them for a very long time, and some, especially important for us, we do not forget throughout our lives. We know when we were born, when we went to school. All the events of our life, as if collected in a “chain” one after another, make up the biography (biography) of each of us. We, living today - both those who lived long before us, and those who will live many, many years after us - all together make up humanity. Humanity also has a biography - this is history.
Story - a very ancient word. Translated from Greek, it means “research, a story about the events of the past.” A Greek named Herodotus became the first scientific historian. He is called the "father of history."
All peoples of the world have their own present and past. Every person wants to know where their ancestors came from and how they lived.
What does history study?
Students. History studies how different peoples lived, what events took place in their lives.
Teacher. History is a journey through time. It goes back centuries, into hoary antiquity. Write down the definition: “History is a science that studies the past of human society.”
Historians are painstakingly studying everything that remains from past eras. They work in archives, museums, and libraries. Historical sources are collected here, that is, everything that can tell us about people’s past.
The teacher suggests looking at the diagram:
Teacher. Name the institutions that store historical sources.
Students. Libraries, museums, archives.
Teacher. Let's take a closer look at these institutions and find out what historical sources are stored in them.
Pre-prepared students tell what an archive, a museum, a library is.
Student (tells what archives are). The word "archive" translated from Greek means "palace of the ruler." But we use this word to denote document storage. A document is written evidence of events that took place in a particular historical era. Archives appeared among people with the advent of writing. The most ancient archives are repositories of clay tablets that archaeologists discovered during excavations of ancient cities. A modern archive is a scientific institution that collects and stores documents.
Teacher. There is also an archive in our city. And we can see historical documents in the city local history museum.
Student (tells what museums are). The word “museum” has its own history. The main Greek god Zeus and Mnemosyne (goddess of memory) had nine daughters. They were called muses, and they were the patroness of science, poetry and the arts. For their gods, the Greeks built dwellings - temples. And the temple of the muses in Greek was called “museion” - this is where the word “museum” comes from. Now we use this word to call an institution where people’s memorable things are stored. These items are called exhibits.
The first Russian museum was the Kunstkamera (translated as “cabinet of curiosities”), opened by order of Peter I in St. Petersburg in 1710. The first Russian museum is almost 300 years old. During this time, it has collected a huge number of “curiosities” from different parts of the world. These exhibits tell us what people from different countries look like, what their activities and customs are.
This museum also housed exhibits of the future museum – the Hermitage. The founding date of the Hermitage is considered to be 1764.
Teacher. There are museums in our city too. Name them.
The teacher invites students to talk about which museums they visited and which exhibits they remember most.
Many museums keep old books. But modern books also tell us about the past of humanity. Where are modern books stored?
Student. All human wisdom is stored in books, and books are stored in libraries. "Biblio" in Greek means "book", and library is a book depository. Libraries are different: personal and state, school and city. There are special libraries dedicated to any branch of knowledge: historical, medical, pedagogical, etc.
Students repeat the exercises after the teacher.
The bell is ringing
Let's start our lesson.
We have a lot to understand
To become historians.
Once - we read the chronicle,
Two - let's go to the museum,
Let's learn about the past tense
And we will become wiser!
Teacher. Archaeologists help many exhibits get into the museum. You've probably noticed that if you don't wipe your furniture at home for several days, a thin layer of dust forms on it. And over thousands of years, a thick layer of earth, sand and dust covered everything that remained of ancient people; grass, forest grew on it, and sometimes villages and cities were located. Scientists determine the place where people lived in ancient times, and then carry out excavations - they remove from the ground the things of ancient people, their bones, and in general everything that has traces of the activity of an ancient person. These scientists are called archaeologists, and the science of antiquity is called archaeology.
IV. Work according to the textbook.
Teacher. About the work of archaeologists, read the textbook article “Keys to the Treasured Door” on p. 37–40.
Students read and look at the illustrations on p. 39, 40.
The teacher invites students to talk about how excavations are carried out.
V. Consolidation.
Teacher. What would you like to learn from studying history?
Students express their wishes.
Teacher. Think, maybe there are antiques in your house or in your grandparents' house. What story can they tell?
Students give answers.
Next, the teacher conducts didactic game"Historical Sources". The teacher offers a set of cards on which certain sources are written. The students' task is to correctly distribute them into groups.
Cards: ball, epic, remains of dwellings, utensils, chronicle, coins, clothing, inscription on stone, jewelry, shield, legends.
The teacher invites students to the board one by one and gives a card. The student pins it to the board, explaining his choice.
VI. Lesson summary.
Grading.
Teacher. Write down new definitions in the dictionary (textbook, pp. 35–41).
What is history?
Students. History is the science of people's past.
Teacher. What science is jokingly called “history armed with a shovel”?
Students. Archeology.
Teacher. Give examples of historical sources.
Students read the conclusion in the textbook on p. 41.
Homework.
Answers to "Test Yourself" questions.
Complete tasks 1, 2.
Platova Marianna Vitalievna
Job title: primary school teacher
Educational institution: GBOU No. 93 of Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg
Locality: St. Petersburg, Shushary
Name of material: abstract
Subject: The world through the eyes of a historian
Publication date: 04.12.2016
Chapter: elementary education
LESSON SUMMARY No. 3.
Subject: The world around us, 4th grade, Russian school, Pleshakov textbook
Lesson topic: “The world through the eyes of a historian.”
Teacher's goal setting:
To form in students an idea of history as a science that studies the long path of human development and the formation of knowledge about historical sources and their types.
Students' goals:
First concepts on the topic “History”.
Subject tasks:
1. Create conditions for the formation of an idea of history as a science. 2. To help students develop an understanding of the world around us from the point of view of historians.
Meta-subject tasks:
1. Develop the ability to control the process and results of one’s activities, participate in dialogue, listen and understand others, express one’s thoughts in oral speech, and draw conclusions.
Personal tasks:
1. Orient students to take into account someone else’s point of view, to a sustainable educational and cognitive interest in new general ways of solving problematic problems, and adequate self-esteem.
Planned results:
Regulatory:
Monitor the process and results of your activities.
Communicative:
Participate in dialogue, listen and understand others.
Cognitive:
Analyze the textbook text, draw conclusions and generalizations based on the analysis.
Personal:
Show interest in history as a science. Express in your own judgments your attitude to historical events. Focus on taking into account someone else’s point of view, sustainable educational and cognitive interest in new ways of solving problems.
Basic concepts:
history, historical sources, archive, Roman numerals, chronology.
Intersubject connections:
story
Resources: - basic:
textbook
- additional:
interactive whiteboard, computer, handouts
Lesson stage
Teacher's actions
Student activities
Organizational
- Hello. Adjusting to the situation
moment.
Objective: To prepare students for learning activities. - I am very glad that you came to class in a good mood to gain new knowledge. success with a positive emotional focus.
2.
Checking remote sensing
- Tell me, please, what does geography study? -Prove with examples that modern geographical maps are very diverse. - What is scale? - Who will demonstrate at the board their ability to show on a map? Observe, systematize knowledge.
3.
Updating knowledge.
Task: Creating a problem situation.
-
Do you think yesterday is history? - Why? - What do you think we will think about today? (about history) - We often say: “I’ll tell you an interesting story...” or “a story happened to me...”. - So what is history? (History is a science that studies the past of people). A slide appears on the IA board with
time machine.
- Look carefully. What do you think this is? (Time Machine). - What do you think a time machine can do? (you can travel to the past and future) - Who do you think dreams of such a car? (historians) - Why? - They gave us such a car for a lesson so that we could help historians. - Shall we help? - Through whose eyes do you think we will look at the world in today’s lesson? (historians) A slide appears on the IA board with the topic of the lesson:
"The world through the eyes
historians."
They analyze and draw conclusions. Through confrontation with a problematic situation, they form personal motivation to study new material.
4.
4.1. Learning new things
material.
Task: Setting a learning task.
-
Any journey requires careful preparation, so we need to think through our journey. - What do you think will interest us as historians today? Slides appear on IA:
- What
is history?
-Why do we need to study?
history?
-What types of historical
They read, participate in dialogue, analyze, draw conclusions. They express their opinions and discuss.
sources?
- Divide into 3 teams. Before the team begins its journey, select your captain. Are you ready to travel? - Each team has a travel plan and envelopes with tasks on their tables. - The captains read task No. 1 to their team. The team performs the task strictly according to the instructions. Teams are given 7 minutes to complete this task. - Time has passed.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Dear Guys! You are working
everything is friendly and together, because
You are a team.
Read the text on p.
29-31 textbook.
Find answers to
questions.
Write your answers on the form
with questions.
QUESTIONS:
- What is history?
-How is the word translated?
"history" from Greek
language?
-What are scientists called?
who are studying
history?
-Where do scientists work?
historians?
- All teams received 4 questions. But each team will answer only 1 question. - Select a representative from each team who will answer. - Let's start with team No. 1. A team representative will read the instructions to us and tell us how your team answered question #1. - A representative of team No. 2 will tell you how your team answered question No. 2. - Team representative No. 3 will tell you how your team
answered question #3. - Representatives of all 3 teams will tell how their teams answered question No. 4. - What new words did you encounter while reading the text? - Do we now know who are called historians? - What are archives? (document storage)
-
Each team can make a note in its travel plan about completing the first task. - Now we know what history is. - Why do you need to study history? - How do you think? - You answered everything correctly, and task number 2 will help us understand this issue in more detail. - The captains read task number 2 to their team. The team performs the task strictly according to the instructions. Teams are given 3 minutes to complete this task. - Time has passed.
TASK #2:
Answering the question: “Why,
we study history", select
from the list of statements then,
which do you think is the most
faithful.
We study history for
in order to find out how
our ancestors settled
explored our country.
We study history for
in order to be, about what
talk to friends.
We study history for
books.
We study history for
in order to know how
our ancestors lived.
We study history for
to make it fun.
We study history for
in order to know what we are
similar, but how
different from ours
ancestors
-A representative of team No. 1 will read the task to us and tell us which answer your team chose? - A representative of team No. 2 will read the task to us and tell us which answer your team chose? - A representative of team No. 3 will read the task to us and tell us which answer your team chose?
-
Each team can make a note in its travel plan to complete the second task. On the IA board slide:
Door with
lock.
- There is a door in front of us. There is a lock on the door. -Where does this door lead? (to the world of history) - Can we open this door without a key? (no) - We can find the key to this door in the next task.
- The captains read task No. 3 to their team. The team performs the task strictly according to the instructions. Teams are given 7 minutes to complete this task. - Time has passed.
TASK No. 3
Read in the textbook on page 31
doors." Choose what's most important
word from the text and write it in
answer to task No. 3.
- Team No. 1 will read the task to us and tell us which answer your team chose? Justify your opinion. - Team No. 2 will read the task to us and tell us which answer your team chose? Justify your opinion. Team No. 3 will read
-
give us a task and tell us which answer your team chose? Justify your opinion.
Each team can make a note in its travel plan to complete the third task. A slide appears on the IA board with the word:
-
You and I were talking about history, and our door opened to the word “ARCHEOLOGY.” - What is the connection between archeology and history? - Find the answer to this question on page 32 of the textbook. - What do you call scientists who do historical excavations? (archaeologists) - Do you want to be a little archaeologist? Then everyone stand up.
PHYSMINUTE
- In your travel plans, task No. 4. The captains read it to their team, and the team strictly follows the instructions when completing the task.
TASK #4: Students
gather in teams
cut pictures (coin,
dress, vase)
- Tell me, how can you name all the objects that you and I found in one word? (archaeological finds) - And if we look at these finds through the eyes of historians, what will they be called then? (historical finds) - What are all these things from the point of view of historians (historical sources) - What historical sources have you come across today?
-
Each team can make a note in its travel plan to complete the fourth task.
4.2.Result. Generalization.
Students' awareness of their learning activities.
-
Try to write a short story about our journey using the new words we learned today. - You can prepare. Teams will have 4 minutes to prepare.
- Who wants to tell their story about our journey? - Who else will try? They express their opinions, discuss, justify.
5.Reflection of activity.
Organize reflection on activities in the lesson. - It's time to give away the time machine. -I would like each of you to leave your impressions of the trip. - Before you is the last task No. 5. It contains forms. Captains distribute 1 form to each member of their team. - On the form you need to circle the number of the statement that corresponds to your impression of the trip.
FORM:
If you made it for yourself
many new discoveries.
If you have any left
unresolved issues.
If you are traveling
we didn't learn anything new.
- Raise your hand guys who circled statement No. 1 - Raise your hand guys who circled statement No. 2 - Raise your hand guys who circled statement No. 3 I count the number, based on this, together with the guys we draw conclusions about the lesson. - All teams tried very hard, so friendship won. - Team captains, come get your medals. - All of you are great, thank you very much. Analyze, realize the quality and level of what has been learned.
Everyone has probably heard the word “history”. Translated from Greek, it means “a story about the past.” Let's take a look at one of the libraries. There are so many books here! And many begin with the word “history”: “History of Russia”, “History of science and technology”, “History of costume”.
A person, a people, a country have their own history. Your family, your school, your city, your native land have history. And of course, you also have your own story.
History surrounds us everywhere. On the streets of modern cities, next to buildings made of glass and concrete, there are beautiful ancient structures: the Moscow Kremlin, the palaces of St. Petersburg, the Golden Gate in Vladimir... Among the forests and fields, you will suddenly come across an old manorial estate or a wonderful ancient church.
- Try to talk about the world from a historian's point of view. Use the words for this: past, present, future, monument, museum, library, epic. Listen to the other guys. As a class, write the most complete story possible.
What is history
From the point of view of a historian, the world is an inextricable unity of past, present and future. So what is history? History is what happened in people's past. And the science that studies the past is also called history.
We live in a world that is constantly changing. Thousands of events happen every day. We learn about this from television, radio, Internet messages, newspapers and magazines.
What is happening today, now with you, with your family and friends, with our entire country and world, is happening in the present.
Events that occur in the present are connected with the past. The future largely depends on these events. History can be figuratively compared to a thread on which thousands and thousands of events are strung. There is even an expression “thread of times”. This is how history connects the past, present and future.
History is often called the memory of the people. How did our ancestors live? How are we similar to them and how are we different? How did they populate, develop and defend our country? History provides answers to these and many other questions.
Historians painstakingly study everything that remains from past eras. They work in archives (document repositories), museums, and libraries.
Artists, writers, musicians, and film directors turn to history. Everyone finds in it something that will be interesting and instructive today.
Keys to the treasured door
The past holds many secrets. How to open the door to the mysterious world called “history”? This is not easy to do. A formidable guard - time - guards the entrance, and the keys to it are in the hands of historians.
Scientists know that the past has not gone away without a trace. Ancient buildings, ancient manuscripts, coins and seals, tales and legends, names of villages and cities, rivers and forests, words, proverbs and sayings preserved in our speech, and much more will tell about past times. Everything that can tell us about people’s past is called a historical source.
Of course, much was lost irrevocably: it decayed, collapsed over time, perished in natural disasters, burned in the flames of fires. Therefore, all the monuments that have survived to this day are very valuable. Many antiques are carefully preserved in museums. The first museum in Russia - the Kunstkamera - was founded by Tsar Peter the Great in St. Petersburg in 1714. Ancient manuscripts, books and other written sources are stored in archives.
About a thousand years ago, chronicles appeared in Rus'. Year after year, chroniclers kept records of the events of their time. Historians, studying Russian chronicles, have learned a lot about the past of our Motherland.
Many historical sources have been discovered through archaeology. The word “archeo” is translated from Greek into Russian as “ancient”. Archeology is a science that learns about the past by studying ancient objects and structures. This science is one of the main assistants to history.
Archaeological scientists dig their amazing finds out of the ground. That's why archeology is sometimes jokingly called history armed with a shovel.
How are excavations carried out? This is difficult but fun work. They dig with shovels very carefully so as not to damage anything. If necessary, shovels are replaced with special knives and brushes. Each lump of excavated earth is carefully sorted by hand. So even a tiny thing will end up in the palm of an archaeologist. Scientists find the remains of dwellings, broken dishes, weapons, jewelry, coins, seals, tools and much, much more. This helps to find out what cities and settlements were like, how people lived, how they dressed, what they ate, what their occupations were, and much more.
It is not only museums and archives that store valuable finds. If desired, you can find them in every home: old books, photographs, household items.
Unfortunately, it also happens that ancient monuments continue to perish today, and this is a huge loss for our culture. We must preserve and protect the treasures that we inherited from our ancestors.
Let's discuss!
- What would you like to learn from studying history?
- What historical sources will tell about our time?
- What can archaeologists learn from aerial reconnaissance?
- What sciences help archaeologists in their work?
- Are there any objects in your house that might be of interest to historians? Why are these items interesting?
check yourself
- What does history study?
- What is a historical source?
- Give examples of historical sources.
- What is archaeology?
- Why is archeology called an assistant to history?
Homework assignments
- Write in the dictionary: history, historian, historical source, archive, chronicle, archeology, archaeologist.
- Remember or find out from adults what historical museums there are in your city. Visit one of them and write a short essay about what you remember most. Place it on a separate sheet.
We will learn how to count years in history and what a historical map is. We will learn to correlate the date of a historical event with the century, find the location of the event on the “timeline,” and read a historical map.
Remember what historical events you know. When and where did they take place?
