The Old Russian chronicle of the 12th century “The Tale of Bygone Years” introduces us to a very interesting event that happened in 862. It was in this year that the Varangian Rurik was invited by the Slavic tribes to reign in Novgorod.

This event became fundamental in the countdown of the beginning of statehood Eastern Slavs and received the code name “Calling of the Varangians.” It is with Rurik that the countdown of the rulers of the Russian lands begins. Our history is very rich. It is filled with both heroic and tragic events, and all of them are inextricably linked with specific personalities that history has placed in chronological order.

Novgorod princes (862-882)

Novgorod princes of the pre-Kiev period. The State of Rurik - this is how the emerging Old Russian state can be conventionally called. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, this time is associated with the calling of the Varangians and the transfer of the capital to the city of Kyiv.

Kyiv princes (882-1263)

We consider the rulers of Kyiv princes Old Russian state And Principality of Kyiv. From the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 13th century, the Kiev throne was considered the most prestigious, and it was occupied by the most authoritative princes (usually from the Rurik dynasty), who were recognized by the other princes in the order of succession to the throne. IN end of XII century, this tradition began to weaken; influential princes did not occupy the Kiev throne personally, but sent their proteges to it.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
Yaropolk Svyatoslavich
Svyatopolk Vladimirovich	1015-1016; 1018-1019
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Vseslav Bryachislavich
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Svyatopolk Izyaslavich
Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great
Yaropolk Vladimirovich
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich
Vsevolod Olgovich
Igor Olgovich	August 1146
Izyaslav Mstislavich
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich	August 1150
Izyaslav Mstislavich	August 1150
	August 1150 - early 1151
Izyaslav Mstislavich
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich		co-ruler
Rostislav Mstislavich	December 1154
Izyaslav Davydovich
Izyaslav Davydovich
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Izyaslav Davydovich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Vladimir Mstislavich	March - May 1167
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Gleb Yurievich
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Gleb Yurievich
Mikhalko Yurievich
Roman Rostislavich
Yaropolk Rostislavich		co-ruler
Rurik Rostislavich
Yaroslav Izyaslavich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich	January 1174
Yaroslav Izyaslavich	January - 2nd half 1174
Roman Rostislavich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
Rurik Rostislavich	end of August 1180 - summer 1181
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
Rurik Rostislavich	summer 1194 - autumn 1201
Ingvar Yaroslavich
Rurik Rostislavich
Rostislav Rurikovich	winter 1204 - summer 1205
Rurik Rostislavich
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	August - September 1206
Rurik Rostislavich	September 1206 - spring 1207
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	spring - October 1207
Rurik Rostislavich	October 1207 - 1210
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	1210 - summer 1212
Ingvar Yaroslavich
Mstislav Romanovich
Vladimir Rurikovich
Izyaslav Mstislavich	June - end 1235
Vladimir Rurikovich	end 1235-1236
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich	1236 - 1st half of 1238
Vladimir Rurikovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Daniil Romanovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

Vladimir Grand Dukes (1157-1425)

Vladimir Grand Dukes are rulers North-Eastern Rus'. The period of their reign begins with the separation of the Rostov-Suzdal principality from Kyiv in 1132 and ends in 1389, after the entry of the Vladimir principality into the Moscow principality. In 1169, Andrei Bogolyubsky captured Kyiv and was proclaimed Grand Duke, but did not go to reign in Kyiv. From this time on, Vladimir received grand ducal status and turned into one of the most influential centers of the Russian lands. After the start of the Mongol invasion, the Vladimir princes are recognized in the Horde as the oldest in Rus', and Vladimir becomes the nominal capital of the Russian lands.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
Mikhalko Yurievich
Yaropolk Rostislavich
Mikhalko Yurievich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Konstantin Vsevolodovich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich	1246 - beginning of 1248
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Khorobrit	early 1248 - winter 1248/1249
Andrey Yaroslavovich
Yaroslav Yaroslavovich Tverskoy
Vasily Yaroslavovich Kostromskoy
Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky	December 1283 - 1293
Andrey Alexandrovich Gorodetsky
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Tverskoy
Yuri Danilovich
Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (Tverskoy)
Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy
Alexander Vasilievich Suzdalsky
		co-ruler
Semyon Ivanovich Gordy
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy	early January - spring 1363
Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal-Nizhegorodsky
Vasily Dmitrievich

Moscow princes and grand dukes (1263-1547)

During feudal fragmentation Moscow princes increasingly found themselves at the head of the troops. They managed to get out of conflicts with other countries and neighbors, achieving a positive solution to their own political issues. The Moscow princes changed history: they overthrew Mongol yoke, returned the state to its former greatness.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
	nominally 1263, actually from 1272 (not later than 1282) - 1303
Yuri Danilovich
Semyon Ivanovich Gordy
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
Yuri Dmitrievich	spring - summer 1433
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
Yuri Dmitrievich Zvenigorodsky
Vasily Yurievich Kosoy
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
Dmitry Yurievich Shemyaka
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
Dmitry Yurievich Shemyaka
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
		co-ruler Vasily II
Ivan Ivanovich Young		co-ruler
Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk		co-ruler
		co-ruler of Ivan III

Russian Tsars

Rurikovich

In 1547, the sovereign of all Rus' and Grand Duke Moscow Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible was crowned Tsar and took the full title “Great Sovereign, by God's grace Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus', Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan, Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others"; Subsequently, with the expansion of the borders of the Russian state, “Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia”, “and ruler of all Northern countries” were added to the title.

Godunovs

The Godunovs are an ancient Russian noble family, which after the death of Fyodor I Ivanovich became the Russian royal dynasty (1598-1605).

Time of Troubles

In the very early XVII century, the country was struck by a deep spiritual, economic, social, political and foreign policy crisis. It coincided with a dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power. All this brought the country to the brink of disaster. The impetus for the start of the Troubles was the suppression of the royal Rurik dynasty after the death of Fyodor I Ioannovich and the not very clear policy of the new royal dynasty of the Godunovs.

Romanovs

Romanovs - Russian boyar family. In 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was held in Moscow to elect a new tsar. The total number of electors exceeded 800 people representing 58 cities. The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom put an end to the Troubles and gave rise to the Romanov dynasty.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
Mikhail Fedorovich
Patriarch Filaret		Co-ruler of Mikhail Fedorovich from 1619 to 1633 with the title "Great Sovereign"
Fedor III Alekseevich
Ivan V Alekseevich		Ruled until 1696 with his brother
		Until 1696 he ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V

Russian emperors (1721-1917)

The title of Emperor of All Russia was adopted by Peter I on October 22 (November 2), 1721. This adoption took place at the request of the Senate after the victory in the Northern War. The title lasted until the February Revolution of 1917.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
Peter I the Great
Catherine I
Anna Ioannovna
Elizaveta Petrovna
Catherine II the Great
Alexander I
Nicholas I
Alexander II
Alexander III
Nicholas II

Provisional Government (1917)

In February 1917 there was February Revolution. As a result, on March 2, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne. Power was in the hands of the Provisional Government.

After October revolution In 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown, the Bolsheviks came to power and began building a new state.

These people can be considered formal leaders only because the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) - VKP(b) - CPSU committee after the death of V.I. Lenin was actually the most important government position.

Kamenev Lev Borisovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Vladimirsky Mikhail Fedorovich		And about. Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, from December 30, 1922 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from January 17, 1938 -
Shvernik Nikolay Mikhailovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Podgorny Nikolay Viktorovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich		And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich		And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces
Gromyko Andrey Andreevich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), CPSU(b), CPSU (1922-1991)

Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich		First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich		Until 04/08/1966 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, from 04/08/1966 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich

President of the USSR (1990-1991)

Presidential post Soviet Union was introduced on March 15, 1990 by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR with appropriate amendments to the Constitution of the USSR.

Presidents of the Russian Federation (1991-2018)

The post of President of the RSFSR was established on April 24, 1991 based on the results of the All-Russian referendum.

In each issue you will find a bright, illustrated hardcover book dedicated to one of the rulers of Russia.

You will learn about his contribution to the internal social and cultural life of the country, to the development external relations, about his role in military victories and defeats. You will get acquainted with the circumstances of making key decisions in the history of our state.

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Information about the author:
The author of the painting “The Death of Tsarevich Dmitry” is Sergei Viktorovich Blinkov, the painting is located on page 24 of the book “FEDOR I. The Last Rurikovich 1584-1598 reign” from the series “ Russian princes, kings, emperors”, issue 35.

» in magazine format.
Unlike the book collection, in new series Each issue of the magazine will be accompanied by a sticker with a portrait of the ruler, and some issues will have reproductions of historical documents.

Princes, tsars and emperors of Russia– a unique collection of magazines about Russian rulers for the whole family. Publishing house Ashet Collection(Hachette)

With the new collection you will discover the attractive world of life of royalty, immerse yourself in the world of court secrets and intrigues, political games and competition for power. You will learn all the details of the life of the rulers of Russia who influenced the course of Russian history.

Collection

The collection “Princes, Tsars and Emperors of Russia” covers the period of Russian history from the emergence of the first principalities to the revolution of 1917 and tells about Russian rulers from the first Rurikovichs to the end of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. Each of the princes, tsars, and emperors of the Russian state influenced the course of its history. Some of the rulers played a special role in the fate of the country, and they are given a special place in the collection.

• A fascinating journey into the history of our country.
• The history of Russia from the first Russian principalities to the revolution of 1917 through the prism of biographies of princes, tsars, and emperors.
• Interesting texts written by famous Russian experts that will open new pages in the history of Russia.
• Rare paintings, engravings and photographs that will allow you to feel the spirit of the era and imagine the life of the country in different periods.
• The reign dates on the cover will help you organize the collection in chronological order, and the numbers on the covers will help you not to miss a single issue of the collection.

With each issue of the collection you will receive a bright illustrated magazine dedicated to one of the rulers of Russia. You will learn about his contribution to the internal social and cultural life of the country, as well as to the development of external relations with other countries, about his role in military victories and defeats, and get acquainted with the circumstances of making key political decisions.

With the collection's releases, you will receive reproductions of valuable historical documents, get acquainted with the personal correspondence of kings and emperors, and discover rare maps and official documents.
Also, with each release of the collection, you will receive a sticker with a portrait of the ruler to replenish your poster that comes with the first issue. Collect a collection of portraits of Russian rulers and recreate the chronology of Russian history!

Magazines

The magazines are illustrated with reproductions of engravings, paintings from private and museum collections, and photographs of documents. Informative texts written by Russian historians contain contemporary testimony and are also supplemented by a genealogical system, which you will find at the end of each issue.

• Chronology of main events - a detailed chronology of the life of the ruler and the dates of his reign.
• Born to rule - birth, upbringing, education, accession to the throne.
• Contribution to the fate of Russia is internal politics.
• Foreign policy - international relationships, military conflicts, foreign trade.
• According to the will of the heart and fate - personal life, inner circle, children. Unknown facts, statements of contemporaries, historical anecdotes.
• Genealogical diagram – At the end of each journal there is a genealogical diagram reflecting the place of the ruler in the dynastic system.

In the collection releases:

• Rurik (862-879)
  According to chronicle legend, in 862 several Slavic tribes decided to call on the Varangians to rule them in order to stop strife. Rurik, who arrived with his brothers, became the founder of the first dynasty of Russian rulers.

• Vladimir I the Saint (970-1015)
  Under Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, prince of Novgorod and then Kiev, the baptism of Rus' took place.
  In epics he is called the Red Sun. Orthodox Church canonized Vladimir as a saint.

• Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1016-1054)
  Yaroslav the Wise is called the unifier of lands Ancient Rus'. Under him, the Kiev Metropolis spread Christianity to Rus', thereby strengthening its statehood. Thanks to the policy of expanding and strengthening its borders, the Kiev state took an important place in Europe.

• Peter I Alekseevich the Great (1682-1725)
  During the reign of Peter I, Russia stood on par with the European powers.
  The great ruler “opened a window to Europe,” built a fleet and founded a new capital - St. Petersburg; known throughout the world as the Venice of the North.

• Alexander I (1801-1825)
  The desire for radical reforms and the unwillingness to put them into practice, victory in Patriotic War and growing discontent in the army - these contradictory events characterize the reign of Alexander Pavlovich.

• Nicholas I Pavlovich (1825-1855)
  The beginning of the reign of Nicholas I was marked by the Decembrist uprising. Under Nicholas I, Russian literature experienced an unprecedented flourishing, Russian industry began to develop rapidly, the first railways: St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo, then St. Petersburg - Moscow

Release schedule

№1 – Alexander I+ Sticker + Poster – 31.12.2015
№2 + №3 – Peter I + Olga+ 2 Stickers – 14.01.16
№4 – Ivan IV+ Sticker + Magazine folder – 28.01.16
№5 – Catherine II+ Sticker – 04.02.16
№6 – Yaroslav the Wise+ Sticker + Reproduction of a page from “Russkaya Pravda” + Envelope – 11.02.16

How many issues

Total planned 100 issues.

Recommended price:
First edition - 49 rubles.
Second + third issue (2 magazines) – 149 rubles.
Fourth issue and subsequent ones (1 magazine) – 149 rubles.
Frequency: weekly.

The history of Rus' goes back more than a thousand years, although even before the advent of the state, a variety of tribes lived on its territory. The last ten-century period can be divided into several stages. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, are people who were true sons and daughters of their eras.

Main historical stages of development of Russia

Historians consider the following classification to be the most convenient:

Reign of the Novgorod princes (862-882);

Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054);

From 1054 to 1068 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich was in power;

From 1068 to 1078, the list of rulers of Russia was replenished with several names (Vseslav Bryachislavovich, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavovich, in 1078 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich ruled again)

The year 1078 was marked by some stabilization in the political arena; Vsevolod Yaroslavovich ruled until 1093;

Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich was on the throne from 1093 to;

Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh (1113-1125) - one of the best princes of Kievan Rus;

From 1132 to 1139 Yaropolk Vladimirovich had power.

All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who lived and ruled during this period and up to the present time, saw their main task in the prosperity of the country and strengthening the country’s role in the European arena. Another thing is that each of them walked towards the goal in their own way, sometimes in a completely different direction than their predecessors.

The period of fragmentation of Kievan Rus

During the times of feudal fragmentation of Rus', changes on the main princely throne were frequent. None of the princes left a serious mark on the history of Rus'. By the middle of the 13th century, Kyiv fell into absolute decline. It is worth mentioning only a few princes who ruled in the 12th century. So, from 1139 to 1146 prince of Kyiv was Vsevolod Olgovich. In 1146, Igor the Second was at the helm for two weeks, after which Izyaslav Mstislavovich ruled for three years. Until 1169, such people as Vyacheslav Rurikovich, Rostislav of Smolensky, Izyaslav of Chernigov, Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav the Third managed to visit the princely throne.

The capital moves to Vladimir

The period of formation of late feudalism in Rus' was characterized by several manifestations:

Weakening of the Kyiv princely power;

The emergence of several centers of influence that competed with each other;

Strengthening the influence of feudal lords.

On the territory of Rus', 2 largest centers of influence arose: Vladimir and Galich. Galich is the most important political center at that time (located on the territory of modern Western Ukraine). It seems interesting to study the list of Russian rulers who reigned in Vladimir. The importance of this period of history will still have to be assessed by researchers. Of course, the Vladimir period in the development of Rus' was not as long as the Kiev period, but it was after it that the formation of monarchical Rus' began. Let us consider the reign dates of all the rulers of Russia at this time. In the first years of this stage of development of Rus', rulers changed quite often; there was no stability, which would appear later. For more than 5 years, the following princes were in power in Vladimir:

Andrew (1169-1174);

Vsevolod, son of Andrei (1176-1212);

Georgy Vsevolodovich (1218-1238);

Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod (1238-1246);

Alexander Nevskiy), great commander (1252- 1263);

Yaroslav III (1263-1272);

Dmitry I (1276-1283);

Dmitry II (1284-1293);

Andrey Gorodetsky (1293-1304);

Michael "Saint" of Tverskoy (1305-1317).

All rulers of Russia after the transfer of the capital to Moscow until the appearance of the first tsars

The transfer of the capital from Vladimir to Moscow chronologically approximately coincides with the end of the period of feudal fragmentation of Rus' and the strengthening of the main center of political influence. Most of the princes were on the throne longer than the rulers of the Vladimir period. So:

Prince Ivan (1328-1340);

Semyon Ivanovich (1340-1353);

Ivan the Red (1353-1359);

Alexey Byakont (1359-1368);

Dmitry (Donskoy), famous commander (1368-1389);

Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425);

Sophia of Lithuania (1425-1432);

Vasily the Dark (1432-1462);

Ivan III (1462-1505);

Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533);

Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538);

The decade before 1548 was a difficult period in the history of Russia, when the situation developed in such a way that the princely dynasty actually ended. There was a period of timelessness when boyar families were in power.

The reign of tsars in Rus': the beginning of the monarchy

Historians distinguish three chronological periods in the development of the Russian monarchy: before the accession to the throne of Peter the Great, the reign of Peter the Great and after him. The reign dates of all the rulers of Russia from 1548 to the end of the 17th century are as follows:

Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible (1548-1574);

Semyon Kasimovsky (1574-1576);

Again Ivan the Terrible (1576-1584);

Feodor (1584-1598).

Tsar Fedor had no heirs, so it was interrupted. - one of the most difficult periods in the history of our homeland. Rulers changed almost every year. Since 1613, the Romanov dynasty has ruled the country:

Mikhail, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645);

Alexei Mikhailovich, son of the first emperor (1645-1676);

He ascended the throne in 1676 and reigned for 6 years;

Sophia, his sister, reigned from 1682 to 1689.

In the 17th century, stability finally came to Rus'. The central government has strengthened, reforms are gradually beginning, leading to the fact that Russia has grown territorially and strengthened, and the leading world powers began to take it into account. The main credit for changing the appearance of the state belongs to the great Peter I (1689-1725), who simultaneously became the first emperor.

Rulers of Russia after Peter

The reign of Peter the Great was the heyday when the empire acquired its own strong fleet and strengthened the army. All Russian rulers, from Rurik to Putin, understood the importance of the armed forces, but few were given the opportunity to realize the country's enormous potential. An important feature of that time was the aggressive foreign policy Russia, which manifested itself in the forcible annexation of new regions (Russian-Turkish wars, the Azov campaign).

The chronology of the rulers of Russia from 1725 to 1917 is as follows:

Ekaterina Skavronskaya (1725-1727);

Peter the Second (killed in 1730);

Queen Anna (1730-1740);

Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741);

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761);

Pyotr Fedorovich (1761-1762);

Catherine the Great (1762-1796);

Pavel Petrovich (1796-1801);

Alexander I (1801-1825);

Nicholas I (1825-1855);

Alexander II (1855 - 1881);

Alexander III (1881-1894);

Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917.

This marks the end of a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power. After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.

Russia during the USSR and after its collapse

The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period one can single out Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky. After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country. Next, the chronology of the rulers of Russia looks like this:

Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich (1924-1953);

Nikita Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;

Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);

Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);

General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985);

Mikhail Gorbachev, first president of the USSR (1985-1991);

Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);

The current head of state is Putin - President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when the state was led by Dmitry Medvedev)

Who are they, the rulers of Russia?

All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power for the entire more than thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wanted the flourishing of all the lands of the vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made their own contribution to the development and formation of Russia. Of course, all the rulers of Russia wanted the good and prosperity of their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening the borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.