Download for free Samsonova A.V. Alexander Samsonov: short biography, military career Personal life of Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov

Sometimes history allows itself to do quite extraordinary things. For example, it bestows immortality on a commander not for a brilliant victory, but for the defeat and death he suffered, which, although it was an example of the true manifestation of officer’s honor, did little to contribute to victory over the enemy. One of these heroes of the past was General Alexander Vasilievich Samsonov, short biography which formed the basis for this article.

The first-born in the family of a retired lieutenant

After retiring, Lieutenant Vasily Vasilyevich Samsonov settled with his wife Nadezhda Egorovna in the Kherson province, where they had their own estate. On November 14, 1859, a son was born into their family, who was given the name Alexander in holy baptism. Samsonov dreamed of a military career for his first-born, and therefore, upon reaching the required age, he enrolled him in the Kyiv Vladimir Military Gymnasium, and after graduation in the St. Petersburg Nikolaev Cavalry School. From the Kyiv chestnut trees the young man went to the banks of the Neva.

Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov, whose birth date fell during the period when Russia, having suffered defeat in the Russian-Turkish War of 1853-1856, was rapidly increasing its combat power and sought to regain its former glory, it was not by chance that he chose his path in life. In those years, officers enjoyed special honor in society, and serving in the army was a matter of honor for every nobleman.

First battles and career growth

He was barely eighteen when, having graduated from college and received the title of cornet, Samsonov first found himself under fire in the battles of the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878). It was as a result of the heroism he showed during this military campaign, and not because of class privileges, that the young officer Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov received the right to enter the Academy of the General Staff.

The years that followed the end of his studies at the academy became the stages of rapid career growth for an honest and executive officer. The cities changed, the military districts where Samsonov had the opportunity to serve changed, but invariably he was among the most valued and, accordingly, promoted commanders.

Battles in the Far East

Alexander Vasilievich Samsonov met the Russian-Japanese War already at the rank of Major General. Photos of the officer began to appear on the pages of newspapers. He, as an experienced commander, was entrusted with leading the Ussuri Cavalry Brigade, which on May 17, 1905 destroyed the squadron in a bloody battle near Yudzyatun Japanese troops. In the next major battle This war, which took place soon near Vafangou, Samsonov's Cossacks managed to bypass the Japanese division and, striking from the rear, decided the outcome of the operation.

Subsequently, the general had the opportunity to become a participant in almost all the most significant episodes of the war that unfolded on land. Under his command, the Cossacks attacked the enemy near Gaizhou, Tashichao and Liaoyang. When a turning point came in the course of the war, and the Russian troops were forced to retreat, the Cossack regiments subordinate to the general, together with a horse battery, covered their retreat, holding back the enemy with all their might. For his services during this campaign, Alexander Samsonov was awarded three military orders, a golden saber and promoted to lieutenant general.

Between two wars

In the first post-war years, General Alexander Samsonov, who by that time had already become one of the most prominent Russian military leaders, occupies a number of command posts in the leadership of the Warsaw Military District and is then appointed ataman of the Don Army. Everywhere he performs the duties assigned to him with his characteristic energy and conscientiousness. In May 1909, the sovereign ordered him to leave for Turkestan to assume the post of Governor-General of the region, and in addition, commander of the Turkestan Military District and Ataman Semirechensky Cossack army.

In administrative work, Alexander Vasilyevich managed to demonstrate the same extraordinary abilities as in military affairs. He managed to largely stop the conflicts that arose on ethnic grounds between the local population and the Russians, most of whom were military.

In addition, he launched extensive educational activities among the residents of Turkestan, the vast majority of whom were illiterate. And a special merit can be called the initiative to create irrigation systems, which made it possible to establish cotton cultivation. His works were appreciated by the sovereign. Samsonov was promoted to cavalry general.

The beginning of a new war

The First World War found Samsonov in the Caucasus, where he was vacationing with his family. Along with the message about Russia’s entry into a new massacre, Alexander Vasilyevich received an order to urgently arrive in Warsaw, where the post of commander of the Second Army awaited him. General command of the Northwestern Front was exercised by General Zhilinsky.

According to his plan, Samsonov’s Second Army and the First Army, led by General P. Rannenkampf, were to go on the offensive, which was part of the general East Prussian operation. Despite the fact that the commanders of both armies pointed out the need for careful preparation of such large-scale military operations, orders for immediate action were received from Headquarters and personally from the commander of the troops, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich.

The reason for such a rush was the difficult situation in which Russia's allied France found itself, and the personal appeal of Ambassador M. Paleologus to Nicholas I, in which he literally begged the Russian monarch to immediately order an offensive and prevent the defeat of their army. As a result, Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov, a cavalry general and an experienced commander, was forced to launch an offensive, the failure of which he was sure of in advance.

Disastrous forced march

At that moment, the forces of the Eighth German Army were concentrated, and it was to destroy it, according to the disposition, that two Russian armies advanced. The first to engage the enemy were the troops under the command of P. Rannenkampf. Launching their attack at dawn on August 4, they forced the Germans to retreat. At the same time, Samsonov’s army made a powerful forced march, covering eighty kilometers in three days and entering the territory East Prussia.

Such a rapid maneuver, dictated by tactical considerations, was extremely dangerous for the Russian army. In the territory devastated by the war, the advanced units were significantly separated from the rear convoys with food and ammunition. As a result of this, people had been starving for several days, and cartridges and shells were running out. The horses were also left without food. But, despite repeated reports of a catastrophic situation, the high command demanded that the pace of the offensive not be slowed down.

On the eve of the encirclement

Suddenly another danger became apparent. Along the route, the Second Army did not encounter serious resistance, and it seemed that the enemy was deliberately creating conditions for them to advance unhindered. Experienced commander Alexander Vasilievich Samsonov, whose biography early years connected with the army, intuitively sensed the trap that was being prepared.

He shared his concerns with the commander of the Northwestern Front, Zhilinsky. However, due to his incompetence, not sufficiently realizing the seriousness of the situation, he gave a number of orders that aggravated the already difficult situation in which Samsonov’s troops found themselves.

The experienced commander was not deceived by his premonition. The German command, using an extensive network railway tracks, created in pre-war years, transferred a significant military contingent to the Second Army area. On August 13, the Sixth Corps, located on the right flank, was attacked and defeated, and the next day the First Corps was on the left flank.

Defeat of the Second Army

In the current critical situation, Alexander Samsonov personally comes to the front line, wanting to raise the morale of the troops, but, having studied the situation, he understands the hopelessness of the situation. The last hope was for the support of the army of P. Rannenkampf. Joint actions aimed at uniting with it could have saved the units entrusted to Samsonov from complete encirclement and death, but the commander of the First Army, showing criminal slowness, did not complete his task.

As a result, three Russian corps, totaling one hundred thousand people, found themselves surrounded. Participants in those events recalled that the vast majority of soldiers and officers were demoralized. The awareness of powerlessness to influence the current situation, as well as extreme exhaustion caused by a multi-day march through enemy territory, and physical weakness from prolonged starvation had an impact. Most of them subsequently died, and only a small part was able to escape from the enemy ring.

Court of conscience

The awareness of personal responsibility for the failure of the operation entrusted to him and the death of people who selflessly believed in him became the cause of severe mental trauma, which Samsonov was never able to cope with. On August 30, 1914, that is, just a month after the start of the war, he committed suicide. Eyewitnesses said that that day the general, unexpectedly for everyone, retreated into the forest, from where a shot was soon heard.

By the irony of fate, which so unfavorably disposed of the end of the life of this worthy man, the honest Russian officer Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov, a photo of the last months of his life concludes the article, remained in the memory of posterity not as a winner who covered himself with abusive glory, but as an example of how a person passes judgment on himself the highest court - one's own conscience.

Samsonova, A.V. Rationale for the mechanisms of hypertrophy skeletal muscles person from the perspective of a systems approach // Mater. Intl. Scientific Conference "Problems of sports kinesiology. – Malakhovka, 2009. – pp. 28-31

Introduction

Already in the middle of the twentieth century, rehabilitation medicine established the fact of rapid restoration of skeletal muscle mass and strength after their atrophy through training using significant external weights. Training with small weights, which were repeated many times, did not cause such an effect (A.J. McComas, 2001).

The empirically found pattern is currently actively used in athleticism (A.N. Vorobyov, 1988; A.S. Medvedev, 1998; A. Schwarzenegger, 2003; L.S. Dvorkin, 2005, V.M. Zatsiorsky, W.J. Kraemer, 2008; G.P. Vinogradov, 2009). However, to date there is no concept that explains the mechanisms of hypertrophy when performing strength exercises with large weights.

Goal of the work was to develop the concept of skeletal muscle hypertrophy from the perspective of a systems approach.

results

The systematic approach used in this article is based on a description of the phenomenon of muscle hypertrophy during training with heavy weights from the perspective of various scientific disciplines: histology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, sports medicine and biomechanics.

From anatomy It is known that skeletal muscles are composed of muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are divided into slow-twitch ( Type I) and fast ( IIA and IIB type). Main function of fibers Type I– performing long-term, low-intensity work. They are characterized by low speed and force of contraction. However, their ability to resist fatigue is very high. Muscle fibers IIB type capable of contracting with great force and speed. However, their resistance to fatigue is low. Fibers Type IIA characterized by intermediate properties.

The basis of the contractile apparatus of muscle fibers of human skeletal muscles are myofibrils, which in turn consist of sarcomeres. Sarcomeres are connected to each other via Z-discs. Inside the sarcomere there is an M-disc. Sarcomeres consist of thick and thin filaments. The basis of thick filaments is the protein myosin, thin filaments - actin. Thin filaments are attached to the Z-disc, thick filaments to the M-disc (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Scheme of the structure of the sarcomere
(after: G.H. Pollak, 1990)

When a muscle contracts, thin filaments slide relative to thick ones, the distance between the Z-discs decreases, and the length of the sarcomere shortens. The simultaneous contraction of all sarcomeres leads to a decrease in the length of the myofibril and muscle fiber. Due to the fact that the sarcomere is not a flat, but a three-dimensional structure, when it contracts, its area also increases. cross section(when thin threads enter the spaces between thick ones), the cross-sectional area of ​​muscle fibers and the entire muscle.

To understand the mechanism of hypertrophy, the facts established histologists. Different types of muscle fibers have different thicknesses of the Z- and M-discs. Slow fibers Type I have thicker Z-discs compared to fibers Type II(H.Hoppeler, 1986; V.L.Bykov, 1998). This is also typical for M-discs, which are wider in fiber. Type I compared to fibers Type II(A.J. McComas, 2001).

Physiologists It was found that muscle control by the central nervous system is carried out through the activation of motor units (MU). According to the classification of R. Burke et al. (R.E.Burke et all. 1973) MUs are divided into three types: S(slow) – slow, resistant to fatigue; FR(fast resistant) – fast, resistant to fatigue, FF– fast fatigable – fast, easily tired. DUs of various types correspond different kinds muscle fibers.

Composed of motor units type S includes muscle fibers Type I type FR – Type IIA. Composed of motor units type FF- includes muscle fibers IIB type. The structure and functions of a motor neuron correspond to the morphological characteristics of the muscle fibers that it innervates. So motor neuron DE type S has a small cell body and innervates from 10 to 180 muscle fibers, and the motor neuron DE type FF– has a large cell body and innervates from 300 to 800 muscle fibers (J. Wilmore, D.L. Costill, 1997).

The number of motor units active during muscle contraction is determined through central and reflex mechanisms for regulating muscle strength (A.G. Feldman, 1979). It has been established that there is a stable order of involvement (recruitment) of DUs: DUs are recruited first S type, then FR type, the last to be involved in contraction are the DUs FF type(E. Henneman, C. B. Olson, 1965). If the external resistance is small (less than 20% of 1RM) only muscle fibers are recruited Type I at the same time, the level of force developed by the muscle is low (V.S. Gurfinkel, Yu.S. Levik, 1985). To overcome large external resistance (more than 70% of 1RM) the muscle must develop greater strength. Therefore, the reduction consistently involves all types of muscle fibers, including IIB type(Fig. 2).

Fig.2. The structure of involvement of slow and fast muscle fibers in work (according to: J.H. Wilmore, D.L. Costill, 1997)

Experts in the field sports medicine It has been established that training with the use of heavy weights causes muscle pain in athletes, both during and after its completion (B.I. Prilutsky, 1989; V.I. Morozov, G.A. Sakuta, M.I. Kalinsky, 2006; G.A. Makarova, 2008). There are several hypotheses about the nature of muscle pain. Thus, the factors causing muscle pain are called: damage to myofibrils and muscle fibers; connective tissue damage; accumulation of metabolic products in the muscle, including lactic acid; localized MU spasm. However, as M.J. Alter (2001) points out, a sufficient number of facts have now been accumulated indicating that painful sensations in the muscles are primarily associated with their damage, Fig.3.

Fig.3. Electronic photography human muscle fiber after performing eccentric exercises. Designations: * - myofibrils with destroyed Z-discs; ○ – myofibril with an intact Z disk. By: J.G.Yu, L.Carlsson, L.E. Thomell, 2004.

It has been established that mechanical damage to muscle fibers is more significant during the eccentric mode of muscle contraction (J. Friedén, M. Siöström, 1983; B. Ekblom J. Friedén, R. L. Lieber, 1992; M. J. Gibala et all., 1995; E. Hagbie et all ., 1996; T.N. Shepstone et al., 2005). Thus, according to M.J. Gibala et all., (1995), performing hypertrophic strength training (8 sets with 8 repetitions and an external load of 80% of 1 RM) in an eccentric mode of muscle contraction leads to damage to 82% of muscle fibers, in a concentric mode - only 33%.

WITH biomechanical point of view, the mechanism of damage to muscle fibers can be explained as follows. When performing strength exercises with heavy weights in an eccentric mode, internal forces arising from the interaction of thick and thin filaments tend to reduce the length of the sarcomere, and, consequently, the entire contractile component of the muscle. However, under the influence of external force, the length of the muscle increases. This nature of work can lead to rupture and damage to myofibrils and muscle fibers (A.J. McComas, 2001).

It has been established that more severe damage is found in fibers Type II(J. Frieden, M. Siostrom, B. Ekblom, 1983), giving the maximum increase in the cross-sectional area of ​​the muscle. We assume that this is due to the fact that fiber myofibrils Type II are thinner than fibers Type I Z- and M-discs, which are more easily damaged. The consequence of this is the rupture of myofibrils and muscle fibers.

Damage to muscle fibers manifests itself in biochemical level: cytoplasmic and structural proteins appear in the blood (A.J. McComas, 2001). By their number, you can assess the degree of muscle damage (V.I. Morozov, G.A. Sakuta, M.I. Kalinsky, 2006). According to researchers, the most informative markers of damage are the level of activity of the enzyme creatine kinase and the concentration of myoglobin in plasma or serum. It has been shown that after eccentric exercise, the level of creatine kinase in the blood increases from 5 to 10 times (A.J. McComas, 2001). Research by M. Guerrero et all. (2008) indicate that with first-degree muscle damage (the most minor), the concentration in the blood of the fast form of the enzyme myosin-ATPase (“fast” myosin) is twice as high as the slow form (“slow” myosin). The fast form of the enzyme myosin-ATPase is inherent in fibers Type II, slow – fibers Type I This confirms the hypothesis that fibers Type II damaged more easily than fibers Type I.

Damage to muscle fibers and myofibrils leads to the launch of regeneration processes, in which satellite cells play a major role (A.N. Studitsky, 1972; A.J. McComas, 2001; V.I. Morozov, G.A. Sakuta, M.I. Kalinsky, 2006; K. Shortreed, A. Johnstom, T. J. Hawke, 2007). The result of regeneration processes is increased protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy (A.J. McComas, 2001; T.R. Baechle et all., 2008; V.M. Zatsiorsky, W. J, Kramer, 2008).

Conclusions and Conclusion

The article suggests systems approach to the problem of the influence of training with heavy weights on the hypertrophy of skeletal muscles of athletes. Histologists it was found that the fibers Type II have thinner fibers than muscle fibers Type I Z- and M-discs. We assume that due to these fiber characteristics Type II more easily damaged. This hypothesis is confirmed by studies by J. Frieden, M. Siostrom, B. Ekblom (1983), which showed that when performing eccentric muscle contractions on a bicycle ergometer, more severe damage is found in the fibers Type II. Biochemical Studies have found that with first-degree muscle damage, the concentration of “fast” myosin in the blood is twice as high as “slow” (M. Guerrero et all., 2008). Since “fast” myosin is a specific marker of muscle fibers Type II, this indicates their greater damage.

The hypothesis of mechanical damage to muscle fibers and their subsequent regeneration is confirmed by facts obtained by representatives sports medicine about the presence of painful sensations in the muscles when performing strength exercises with heavy weights during and after the end of a training session (DOMS syndrome).

Physiological The "size principle" helps explain why training with large weights leads to significant hypertrophy of skeletal muscles. The main factor is involvement in activities all types of DU and especially FR And FF type which contain muscle fibers Type II. These muscle fibers are more easily damaged. Damage to muscle fibers triggers regeneration processes that lead to muscle hypertrophy. Biomechanical analysis of the process of sarcomere contraction makes it possible to understand how damage to the Z- and M-discs occurs during training with large external weights.

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1 RM – the weight of the load (external resistance) that the athlete is able to lift only once Name:
Human skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Samsonova A.V. 2012
The year of publishing: Size:
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Russian “Hypertrophy of human skeletal muscles”, edited by Samsonova A.V., examines skeletal muscles against the background of their increase in mass due to physical training. The existing problems of muscle hypertrophy are outlined. Their changes are described on structural level , as well as their influence on daily life

against the backdrop of daily exercise. Changes in biochemical processes in muscle tissue, changes in its biomechanics, physiology, and histological structures are affected.

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Alexander Vasilievich Samsonov. Born on November 2 (14), 1859 in the village of Andreevka, Yakimov volost, Elisavetgrad district, Kherson province - died on August 17 (30), 1914 in Willenberg (East Prussia, German Empire). Russian statesman and military leader, cavalry general (1910), commander of the 2nd Army during the East Prussian operation.

Alexander Samsonov was born on November 2 (14 according to the new style) November 1859 in the village of Andreevka, Yakimovsky volost, Elisavetgrad district, Kherson province, in the family of retired lieutenant Vasily Vasilyevich Samsonov and his wife Nadezhda Egorovna. Parents owned lands in Elisavetgrad district.

In 1875 he graduated from the Vladimir Military Gymnasium in Kyiv. In 1977 he graduated from the Nikolaev Cavalry School and was assigned as a cornet to the 12th Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment.

Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878.

In 1884 he graduated from the Academy of the General Staff. From November 8, 1884, senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 20th Infantry Division, from July 10, 1885 to February 4, 1889 - senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Caucasian Grenadier Division.

In 1887-88, squadron commander of the 24th Lubny Dragoon Regiment.

From February 4, 1889 - chief of the Main Directorate of the Cossack Troops, from March 11, 1890 - staff officer for assignments at the headquarters of the Warsaw Military District.

From February 1, 1893 - staff officer for special assignments under the commander of the Warsaw Military District.

Since July 25, 1896 - head of the Elisavetgrad cavalry cadet school. He served as his boss for about 8 years. At the same time, he was a member of the Elisavetgrad district zemstvo and a member of the Elisavetgrad city committee of the Red Cross Society. In 1902, the school had an increased level of accreditation, and it became the second most important (after the capital Nikolaev) cavalry school Russian Empire. Samsonov was remembered by the cadets as an educated military man, an exemplary commander and a fair administrator, who was uncompromising about hazing and other violations of military and Christian ethics.

During Russo-Japanese War Major General Samsonov commanded the Ussuri Cavalry Brigade(since March 15, 1904). From his first battle - May 17 near Yudzyatun - he acquired a reputation as an ideal cavalry commander. The Yujatun clash went down in history as one of the two victorious cavalry battles of the Russian-Japanese War, in which the Cossacks almost completely destroyed the Japanese squadron in a matter of minutes. The lightning success of the Cossacks in this battle was facilitated by their pikes, against which the Japanese armed with sabers were helpless.

At Wafangou, General Samsonov's cavalry bypassed the 4th Japanese Division, which decided the fate of the battle. Then Samsonov took part in battles near Senyuchen, near Gaizhou and Tashichao (raid on Yingkou), in the Battle of Liaoyang. Commanding a flank detachment, he repelled a Japanese attack guards brigade, and during the retreat, he occupied the Yantai position with four Siberian Cossack regiments with a horse battery and held it while the Russian corps retreated to the north in an organized manner.

On September 2, 1904, Samsonov led the Siberian Cossack division. With her he participated in bloody battles on the river. Shahe, near the village of Sandepu, near Mukden.

For his services in battles, Samsonov was awarded golden weapons, the Order of St. George 4th degree, St. Anne 1st degree with swords, St. Stanislav 1st degree with swords and received the rank of lieutenant general.

Since March 17, 1909 - Turkestan Governor-General and commander of the troops of the Turkestan Military District and military ataman of the Semirechensk Cossack Army. The talented administrator Samsonov established peaceful relations between the Russian and local populations, intensified educational activities, and promoted the development of cotton growing, water supply and irrigation in the region.

In 1910 he was promoted to cavalry general.

General Samsonov

General Samsonov in the First World War

In the summer of 1914, straight from the Caucasus, where Samsonov and his family were on vacation, he headed to Warsaw to take command of the 2nd Army. On July 19 (August 1), 1914, the First World War began.

In Warsaw, Samsonov met with the commander of the Northwestern Front, Ya. G. Zhilinsky, who briefed him on the plan for upcoming actions. The 2nd Army was entrusted with the task, in cooperation with the general’s 1st Army, to carry out the offensive East Prussian operation. There was practically no time for its preparation: its urgency was dictated by the request for help from France, which had suffered a powerful blow German army. The French ambassador to Russia M. Palaeologue, four days after the start of the war, appealed to: “I beg Your Majesty to order your troops an immediate offensive, otherwise the French army risks being crushed.”

It is known that Samsonov received the order to attack in a decadent mood - he understood that, together with his army, he was destined for the role of a victim.

On July 23, he assumed the post of commander of the 2nd Army, with which he was surrounded during the East Prussian operation as a result of erroneous decisions by the commander of the Northwestern Front, Zhilinsky, and his own miscalculations.

According to the plan of the operation, developed at Headquarters under the leadership of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, the 1st and 2nd Armies were to defeat the German 8th Army, concentrated in East Prussia. Samsonov was ordered to move from the Narew River (in Poland) bypassing the Masurian lakes to the north, Rennenkampf - from the Neman to the west.

Death of Samsonov's 2nd Army

But the front commander, despite the lagging rear and scant information about the enemy’s plans, every day demanded that Samsonov speed up the movement. Without encountering serious enemy resistance, the 2nd Army occupied intermediate settlements, and Samsonov, sensing a trap, asked the higher command for permission to deploy the army with a ledge to the northwest. After three days of negotiations with the front headquarters, he finally received such permission, but was obliged, on the instructions of Zhilinsky, to send the right-flank 6th Corps to the north. This led to the separation of the corps from the main forces of the army. In addition, by order of the Supreme Commander, the left flank 1st Corps was stopped at Soldau. The situation was aggravated by poor enemy intelligence and a breakdown in communications in the army, since the Germans, while retreating, disabled the telephone and telegraph network. The transmission of radio messages was regularly monitored by the enemy, who thus knew about the Russian plans of action.

Command of the German 8th Army using railways, transferred its main forces and received reserves against Samsonov’s army. On August 13, the 2nd Army encountered unexpectedly strong German opposition. On this day, the right-flank 6th Corps was defeated near Bischofsburg and began to retreat. The next day, the left flank 1st Corps retreated south of Soldau almost without a fight; Having learned about this, Samsonov was beside himself with indignation and removed the corps commander Artamonov from his post. The position of the 13th, 15th and 23rd corps, fighting the Germans in the center and experiencing severe enemy pressure, became threatening.

Worried about their fate, Alexander Vasilyevich arrived at front line- to the headquarters of the 15th Corps of General Martos. He still had hopes for a successful breakthrough of the corps to the north, towards Rennenkampf, and for the fact that the 1st Army had already begun active operations in the rear of the advancing Germans, but they were not destined to come true (then Rennenkampf would long be haunted by rumors about his criminal slowness ). Having arrived at the front line and making sure that the enemy’s advance could no longer be stopped, Samsonov had the opportunity to go back, but did not. His sense of duty and the old traditions of the Russian army did not allow him to abandon his fighting subordinates.

At 7 o'clock 15 minutes. on the morning of August 15 (28), 1914, General Samsonov sent a telegram to the Front Commander-in-Chief: “The 1st Corps, very upset, yesterday evening, by order of General. Artamonov, retreated to Illov, leaving a rearguard in front of Soldau. Now I am moving to the headquarters of the XV Corps of Nadrau to lead the advancing corps. I'm removing the Yuz device. I will be temporarily without contact with you."

This decision led to complete disorganization of the command and control of the 2nd Army. Thus, General N. Golovin wrote in his study: “This is the decision of the general. Samsonov can be likened to the decision of the commander of a cavalry regiment, becoming the head of a group of squadrons to personally conduct a fast-moving cavalry attack. To what extent does this not meet the requirements for modern management army, it seems to us that there is no need to expand. We repeat that the explanation for such an act is gene. Samsonov can only be found in the area of ​​his spiritual experiences. But what is difficult to explain is that the departure of the army commander ahead was associated with a break in communication (“I’m taking off the Yuz device, I’ll be temporarily without contact with you”). Apparently, the headquarters of the 2nd Army - for the issue of maintaining communications is entirely within the functions of the headquarters - was unaware of the elementary rule: an already operating communications station ceases its activities only after the opening of a new station that is more appropriate to the new location of the chief. The ignorance of the army headquarters led to aggravation of the consequences of the decision of the general. Samsonov to go to the XVth building. With his departure to Nadrau, control of the army ended. The catastrophe of the army began from that moment.”

Even if they were in the bag, 100 thousand people could have gathered for a powerful blow, which, alas, did not happen. Some units were demoralized by the general confusion even before direct contact with the enemy. They had not received food for a long time, they were exhausted by a long trek over rough terrain, they were infuriated by an invisible, retreating, but clearly in control of the situation, enemy who was taking the initiative.

The retreat of the 2nd Army's flanks allowed the Germans to cut off the three Russian corps' path back, and they were soon surrounded. The army headquarters, led by Samsonov, breaking out of the encirclement, moved in the direction of Yanov. Alexander Vasilyevich was in a difficult moral state. According to the testimony of the chief of staff, General Postovsky, Samsonov said more than once on the 15th and 16th that his life as a military leader was over. His colleague Colonel M.N. Gryaznov recalled: “At the end of August 1914, I saw not a gallant general sitting like a devil on a war horse, but a human wreck.”

At the same time, Chief of the General Staff Ya.G. Zhilinsky noted: “If the behavior and orders of General Samsonov, as a commander, deserve severe condemnation, then his behavior as a warrior was worthy; He personally led the battle under fire and, not wanting to survive the defeat, committed suicide.”

Death of General Samsonov

When leaving the encirclement near the city of Willenberg (Willenberg - now Wielbark, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland), Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov died.

There are several versions about how the days of General Samsonov ended. The most common version is that he shot himself near the Carolinhof dairy farm in the vicinity of Wielenberg.

His chief of staff, General Postovsky, describes in detail the last hours of Samsonov’s life: “About 12 o’clock in the afternoon on August 16 (29), 1914, General Samsonov left the 2nd Division and went to Wielenberg, where he expected to find the 6th Corps. Along the way, at all the crossings of swampy rivers, we encountered German units with machine guns. In one of the swampy defiles, the Army Commander ordered his Cossack convoy to attack the machine guns. Kazakov was led into the attack by the brave Colonel of the General Staff Vyalov. Unfortunately, the attack failed. Arriving at Wielenberg, Gen. Samsonov found the city occupied by the Germans. The Cossacks of the convoy little by little left the Army Commander, who by evening remained in the forest near Wielenberg with 7 General Staff officers and one private orderly. It was necessary to get out of the enemy's area at night. This was impossible on horseback. With the onset of complete darkness, a group of officers with the army commander moved on foot through swamps and forests, often encountering patrols of the enemy and his riflemen. While still approaching Wielenberg, Gen. Samsonov demanded that I not stop him from committing suicide and abandoned his intention only after heated protest from the officers accompanying him. At about one o'clock in the morning the group, after a short rest in the forest, moved to continue the journey, but Gen. Samsonov hid from his companions. Soon a shot was heard in the forest. Everyone understood that with this shot the noble Army Commander, who did not want to survive the misfortune that befell his army, committed suicide. The entire group of officers decided to stay in place until the morning, so that in the light of day they could find the body of the chief and remove him from the enemy’s location. Unfortunately, this failed. With the first ray of the rising sun, German riflemen approached and opened fire on the officers. Search for the body of the gene. Samsonov had to be stopped.”

There is another version of Samsonov’s death. According to one of the officers leaving the encirclement, he last saw his commander at the edge of the forest, bending over a map: “Suddenly a huge column of smoke enveloped our headquarters. One of the shells hit a tree trunk, exploded and killed the general on the spot.”

Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich wrote in the book “My Memories”: "What world community called "Joffre's victory on the Marne", in fact it was a victim of the 150,000-strong Russian army of General Samsonov, deliberately thrown into the trap set by Ludendorff".

Awards of General Samsonov:

Order of St. Anne, IV class (1877)
Order of St. Stanislaus, III degree (1880)
Order of St. Anne, 3rd class (1885)
Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class (1889)
Order of St. Anne, 2nd class (1892)
Order of St. Vladimir, IV degree (1896)
Order of the Saint Vladimir III degrees (1900)
Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class with swords (11/18/1904)
Order of St. Anne, 1st class with swords (1905)
Order of the Legion of Honor (1905)
Golden Arms (1906)
Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class (1906)
Order of St. George, IV class (1907)
Order of the White Eagle (06.12.1909)
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (December 6, 1913)

Personal life of Alexander Vasilievich Samsonov:

Wife - Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Samsonova. After the death of the general, he was left with a 15-year-old son and a 12-year-old daughter. They were given a pension of 10,645 rubles per year.

Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Samsonova in the First world war was a sister of mercy. She worked at the hospital of the Elisavetgrad Red Cross community.

In order to find her husband’s grave, she asked permission to go to Germany in the appropriate manner. In August 1915, she was sent to Germany to inspect prisoner-of-war camps as a representative of the International Red Cross Society. For two months, Ekaterina Samsonova carefully carried out the mission of checking the Germans’ compliance with international agreements in relation to prisoners of war, which aroused the respect and even fears of the Germans. She reported on her work.

After fulfilling the official instructions of E.A. Samsonova, with the permission of the German authorities, went from Berlin to the town of Gross-Pivnitz in East Prussia, in the vicinity of which, according to Guchkov’s assumptions, it was necessary to look for the general’s body. Ekaterina Alexandrovna, accompanied by a German officer, interviewed local peasants for several days until she learned that at the end of last summer the corpse of a Russian officer was accidentally found in the forest. The peasants were unable to describe the signs of the murdered man, but they remembered that the lining of his overcoat was red, that is, a general’s, and they advised him to contact a local miller, who participated in the burial of the man found and even removed some of his things.

Ekaterina Alexandrovna found the miller, and he gave her a gold medallion taken from the body of the general he buried, on which the inscription “Remember us” was engraved, and inside there was a group portrait - Ekaterina Alexandrovna with her children Vladimir and Vera. There was no longer any doubt, the general’s widow immediately hired people and, together with the miller, went into the forest, where, after a short search, the grave was found, the remains were exhumed and placed in a sealed coffin.

On November 3, the coffin with the body of General Samsonov, accompanied by Ekaterina Alexandrovna, was sent from Berlin to Stockholm, and from there to Petrograd. On November 21 at 15:00, the funeral train with a special carriage arrived in Elisavetgrad. He was met by the 54th Kherson foot squad in full combat gear with its brass band, cadets and teachers of the cavalry school, led by the chief, Major General V.G. Lishin, chairman of the zemstvo council I.A. Kovalev, mayor G.I. Volokhin and many others. Exactly at 19 o'clock, on the command “on guard”, while the orchestra played the hymn “Kol Slaven”, a massive oak coffin covered with a silver glaze was carried out of the carriage. At 20 o'clock after the funeral service, the coffin was carried into the carriage to the sounds of the anthem, near which a guard of honor was placed.

On November 22, at 6:20 a.m., the funeral carriage was attached to a train free of passengers, which was traveling through Elisavetgrad to the Wicker Tashlyk station. From there, on horseback, the coffin with the body of A.V. Samsonov was transported to the family estate. The burial took place in the Samsonov family crypt near the Church of Saints Joachim and Anna in the village of Yakimovka, which is located across the river from the village of Yegorovka.

Over time, the crypt was looted, and the coffins of A.V. Samsonov and his relatives are defeated. Later, the tomb, decorated on the outside with marble allegorical sculpture, was completely destroyed and razed to the ground.

February 13, 2002 at the site of his burial, which now ended up in the Yakimovskaya courtyard secondary school, a modest memorial sign in the form of a Cossack cross made of red granite was unveiled. The Yakimov rural community and the Kirovograd regional historical and cultural society “Oikumena” initiated and carried out the installation of the sign.