Organs of perception. Mechanisms of perception and the development of social skills

Concept of perception

Definition 1

Perception is a cognitive process of direct active reflection by a person of various phenomena, objects, events, situations.

If this cognition is aimed at social objects, then the phenomenon is called social perception. Mechanisms social perception can be observed daily in our daily life.

Mention of perception was already found in the ancient world. Philosophers, physiologists, artists, and physicists made a huge contribution to the development of this concept. But the most great importance This concept is given by psychology.

Perception is an important mental function of cognition, which manifests itself as a complex process of transforming and receiving sensory information. Through perception, the individual forms a complete image of the object, which affects the analyzers. Thus, perception is a unique form of sensory display.

Characteristics and properties of perception

This phenomenon has the following main characteristics:

• identification of individual signs;
• correct absorption of information;
• formation of an accurate sensory image.

Perception is related to logical thinking, attention and memory. It depends on a person’s motivation and has a certain type of emotional overtones.

Basic properties of perception:

• structure,
• apperception,
• objectivity,
• contextuality,
• meaningfulness.

Perceptual factors

Perceptual factors are of two types:

• internal,
• external.

TO external factors relate:

• intensity,
• size,
• novelty,
• contrast,
• repeatability,
• movement,
• recognition.

TO internal factors perceptions include:

• motivation, which lies in the fact that a person sees what he considers important or what he strongly needs;
• settings of personal perception, when an individual expects to see what he saw previously in a similar situation;
• experience that enables a person to perceive what past experience has taught him;
• characterological features of personality.

Interaction with society through perception

The concept of a variety of our perception - social perception - is widely used in psychology.

Definition 2

Social perception is a person’s understanding and evaluation of himself, other people, and other social objects.

This term was introduced in 1947 by psychologist D. Bruner. The introduction of this concept into psychology allowed scientists to look differently at the problems and tasks of human perception. Man is a social being and is the subject of a large number of different relationships. An individual’s positive or negative attitude towards other people depends on the perception and assessment of communication partners.

Social perception comes in several forms:

• human perception;
• perceptions by group members;
• group perception.

Mechanisms of social perception

Perception has certain features of the functioning of its mechanisms. The following mechanisms of social perception exist:

• stereotyping, which is the formation of a persistent image or idea of ​​people and phenomena characteristic of all representatives of one social group;
• identification, expressed in intuitive identification and cognition of an individual or group in a communication situation, in which a comparison or juxtaposition of the internal states of partners occurs;
• empathy, which implies emotional empathy for others, the ability to understand other people by providing them with emotional support and getting used to their experiences;
• reflection, that is, self-knowledge through interaction with other people;
• attraction - knowledge of other people based on a positive, persistent feeling;
• causal attribution, which is the process of predicting the feelings and actions of surrounding people.

The specificity of interpersonal cognition is that it takes into account both various physical characteristics and behavioral characteristics. Therefore, social perception has a huge dependence on the emotions, motives, opinions, attitudes, and prejudices of both partners. In social perception there is also a subjective assessment of another person.

Perception is a complex mechanism of psychological interaction between an individual and the object he perceives. This interaction occurs under the influence of a large number of factors.

• Objectivity - objects are perceived not as an incoherent set of sensations, but constitute images of specific objects.

• Structurality - the object is perceived by consciousness as a modeled structure abstracted from sensations.

• Apperception - perception is influenced by the general content of the human psyche.

• Contact (constancy) - perception is influenced by the circumstances in which it occurs, despite this perception remains relatively unchanged.

• Meaningfulness - an object is consciously perceived, mentally named (associated with a certain category), belongs to a certain class

Understanding consists of stages:

1. Selection is the selection of an object of perception from the flow of information
2. An organization - an object is identified by a set of characteristics
3. Categorization and assignment to an object of properties of objects of this class

Perception factors

External

• Size
• Intensity (physical or emotional)
• Contrast (contradiction with surroundings)
• Movement
• Repeatability
• Novelty and recognition

Domestic

• The perceptual setting is the expectation to see what should be seen based on past experience.
• Needs and motivation - a person sees what he needs or what he considers important.
• Experience - a person perceives that aspect of a stimulus that has been taught by past experience.
• Self-concept - the perception of the world is grouped around the perception of oneself.
• Personal characteristics - optimists see the world and events in a positive light, pessimists, on the contrary, in an unfavorable one.

• The principle of resonance - what corresponds to the needs and values ​​of the individual is perceived faster than what does not correspond.
• The principle of protection is that something that opposes a person’s expectations is perceived worse.
• The principle of alertness - what threatens a person’s psyche is recognized faster than others.

Forms and principles of perception

• Figure - background - perception distinguishes the figure from the background.
• Constancy - objects long time are perceived equally.
• Grouping - similar stimuli are grouped into structures.

Grouping principles:

• Proximity - things located nearby are perceived together.
• Similarity - similar in some way is perceived together.
• Closedness - a person tends to fill in the gaps in the figure.
• Integrity - a person tends to see continuous forms rather than complex combinations.
• Contiguity - what is close in time and space is perceived as one.
• Common zone - stimuli identified in one zone are perceived as a group.

Result of perception

The result of the perception process is a constructed image.

Image - subjective vision of the real world, perceived through the senses.

Having received the image, a person (or another subject) produces definition of the situation, that is, evaluates it, and then makes a decision about his behavior.

Perception in animal psychology

Perception is inherent mainly in higher living beings; in weak forms, allowing us to speak only about the rudiments of perception, something similar can be found in creatures of the middle stages of evolution.

Perception in theory of mind

Social perception

Social perception - perception aimed at creating an idea about oneself, other people, social groups and social phenomena.

The term was proposed by Jerome Bruner in 1947 to refer to the phenomena of social determination of perceptual processes. The modern interpretation of the term was given within the framework of social psychology.

The mechanisms of social perception include: reflection, identification, causal attribution.

Effects of perception

Social perception is characterized by some special manifestations of perceptual inaccuracy, called laws, effects or errors of perception.

• Effects of stereotyping:

• Halo effect (halo effect, halo or horn effect) - a general favorable or unfavorable opinion about a person is transferred to his unknown traits.
• Sequence Effects:

• The primacy effect (first impression effect, familiarity effect) - the first information is overestimated in relation to the subsequent one.
• The effect of novelty - new information about the unexpected behavior of a well-known, close person is given greater importance than all the information received about him previously.

• Role effect - behavior determined by role functions is taken as a personal characteristic.
• The effect of presence - what better person owns something, the better he does it in front of others than in solitude.
• Advance effect - the absence of previously attributed non-existent advantages leads to disappointment.
• The effect of leniency - the leader exaggerates the positive traits of his subordinates and underestimates the negative ones (typical for a leader of a permissive and, to some extent, democratic style).
• The effect of hyper-demandingness - the manager hypertrophies negative traits subordinates and underestimates the positive ones (typical for a leader of an authoritarian style).
• The effect of physiognomic reduction - the conclusion about the presence of a psychological characteristic is made on the basis of appearance features.
• Beauty effect - a more attractive person is assigned more positive traits.
• The effect of expectation - expecting a certain reaction from a person, we provoke him to it.
• In-group favoritism - “insiders” seem better.

• The effect of negative asymmetry of initial self-esteem - over time there is a tendency towards the opposite of in-group favoritism.

• Presumption of reciprocity - a person believes that the “other” treats him the way he treats the “other”.
• The phenomenon of assumption of similarity - a person believes that “their own people” relate to other people the same way as he does.
• Projection effect - a person assumes that others have the same qualities as him.
• The phenomenon of ignoring the information value of what did not happen - information about what could have happened, but did not happen, is ignored.

Attribution

Attribution - attributing characteristics to oneself or another person.

1. Observing human behavior
2. Logical inference about a person's intentions
3. Attributing motives for behavior to a person

Attribution styles:

• Internal (dispositive) attribution - linking a person’s behavior with his characteristics.
• External attribution - linking a person's behavior to a situation.

Factors that determine attribution style:

• Consensus - behavior that is common to many is more often attributed to situational motives, while non-standard behavior is attributed to personal motives.
• Intentionality - deliberate behavior is often attributed to personal motives, while unusual behavior is often attributed to situational motives.
• Consistency - personal motives are more often attributed to consistent behavior, and situational ones to individual behavior.

Fundamental attribution error - the tendency to explain behavior by dispositional reasons to the detriment of situational ones.

Causes of fundamental attribution error:

• False agreement is the idea of ​​one’s behavior as typical, and those who differ from it as abnormal.
• Unequal opportunities - ignoring the characteristics determined by the role position.
• Ignoring the informational value of what did not happen - what was not done should also be the basis for evaluating behavior.
• Greater trust in facts than in judgments - this is due to the figure-ground mechanism
• The ease of constructing false correlations - traits are mistakenly connected as necessarily accompanying each other.

Western individualism creates a greater tendency towards personal attribution to the detriment of situational attribution than Eastern collectivism.

It is also influenced by the locus of control (the external is less prone to fundamental attribution error).

A person tends to explain his successes dispositionally, and his failures situationally; for other people’s successes and failures, the opposite is true.

For the doer, the figure is the situation, and for the observer, the situation is the background, and the figure is the doer. Therefore, the actor is less prone to the fundamental attribution error, while the observer is more prone to it.

Impression

Forming an impression

Forming an impression - the process of creating one's impressions of others.

The impressions are:

• Behavior patterns
• Abstractions

Impression management

Impression management - behavior aimed at forming and controlling other people’s impressions of oneself.

Impression management tactics:

• Strengthening your own position
• Strengthening the interlocutor's position

Self-presentation - behavior aimed at creating a favorable or corresponding to someone's ideals impression of oneself.

According to Gordon's 1996 study, the success rate of impression management tactics is as follows:

1. Presenting your interlocutor in the best light
2. Agree with the opinion of the interlocutor.
3. Self-presentation
4. Combination 1-3
5. Provision of services

Literature

• Organizational behavior / Gromova O.N., Latfullin G.R. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 432 p. - ISBN 978-5-91180-873-0

Notes

see also

Links

• http://www.psy.msu.ru/illusion/ - a collection of various visual illusions
• Perception of the world within yourself (video)

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.:

Synonyms

See what “Perception” is in other dictionaries: - (lat. perceptio). 1) reception, collection, raising of duties. 2) unconscious perception, a sensation attributed to the cause that produced it (psych. t.). Dictionary foreign words , included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. PERCEPTION [lat.... ...

Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language - (lat. perceptio representation, perception, from percipio I feel, perceive), in modern. psychology is the same as perception. Leibniz used the term "P." to denote the vague and unconscious. perception (“impression”) as opposed to… …

Philosophical Encyclopedia PERCEPTION - (from Latin percipio I perceive), perception (see). Environment influences us in the process of our activity, and we perceive it, perceive it. The organ of P., as well as the psyche in general, is our brain. P. is not an isolated process, but... ... Big

medical encyclopedia Perception, perception Dictionary of Russian synonyms. perception noun, number of synonyms: 2 perception (5) ...

Synonym dictionary perception - (from Latin perceptio perception) the process of direct active reflection by the cognitive sphere of a person of external and internal objects (objects), situations, events, phenomena, etc. (see perception). Brief psychological dictionary. R …

Great psychological encyclopedia - (from Latin perceptio representation, perception), the same as perception ...

Modern encyclopedia Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PERCEPTION, perceptions, female. (lat. perceptio) (philosophy). Perception. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

See PERCEPTION. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Philosophical Encyclopedia- (from Latin perceptio - perception). Sensory perception, the reflection of things in consciousness through the senses... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

Perception, perception (from Latin perceptio) -- cognitive process, forming a subjective picture of the world

This mental process, which consists in reflecting an object or phenomenon as a whole with its direct impact on the receptor surfaces of the sense organs. Perception is one of the biological mental functions that determine the complex process of receiving and transforming information received through the senses, forming a subjective holistic image of an object that affects analyzers through a set of sensations initiated by this object. As a form of sensory reflection of an object, perception includes the detection of the object as a whole, the discrimination of individual features in the object, the identification of informative content in it that is adequate to the purpose of the action, and the formation of a sensory image.

Perception is much more than transmission nervous system neural impulses to certain areas of the brain. Perception also presupposes the subject's awareness of the very fact of stimulation and certain ideas about it, and for this to happen, it is first necessary to sense the “input” of sensory information, that is, to experience a sensation. In other words, perception is the process of comprehending the stimulation of sensory receptors.

Types of perception

With unintentional perception, we are not guided by a predetermined goal or task - to perceive this item. Perception is directed by external circumstances. Intentional perception, on the contrary, is regulated from the very beginning by the task - to perceive this or that object or phenomenon, to become familiar with it. Intentional perception can be included in any activity and carried out during its implementation. But sometimes perception can also act as a relatively independent activity.

Observation is active form man's sensory knowledge of reality. When observing as an independent, purposeful reality, from the very beginning a verbal formulation of goals and objectives is assumed, directing the observation to certain objects.

Long-term exercises in observation lead to the development of observation, that is, the ability to notice characteristic, but subtle, at first glance, seemingly insignificant features of objects.

So, perception is a visual-figurative reflection of the objects and phenomena of reality currently acting on the senses, in the totality of their various properties and parts.

Properties of perception

The objectivity of perception is expressed in the so-called act of objectification, that is, in the attribution of information received from the external world to this world. Objectivity, without being an innate quality, performs an orienting and regulating function in practical activities. Without the participation of movement, our perceptions would not have the quality of objectivity, i.e., relation to objects of the external world. Objectivity as a quality of perception plays a special role in the regulation of behavior. Usually we define objects not by their appearance, but in accordance with their practical purpose or their basic property.

Integrity

Unlike sensation, which reflects individual properties of an object, perception gives a holistic image of it. It is formed on the basis of generalizing knowledge about individual properties and qualities of an object, obtained in the form of various sensations. The components of sensation are so strongly interconnected that a single complex image of an object arises even when only individual properties or individual parts of the object (velvet, marble) directly affect a person. These impressions arise conditionally as a result of the connection formed in life experience between visual and tactile stimuli.

Structurality

The integrity of perception is also related to its structure. Perception to a large extent does not correspond to our instantaneous sensations and is not a simple sum of them. We actually perceive a generalized structure abstracted from these sensations, which is formed over some time. If a person listens to some melody, then the previously heard notes still continue to sound in his mind when a new note arrives.

Constancy of perception is the relative constancy of certain properties of objects when its conditions change. Thanks to the property of constancy, which consists in the ability of the perceptual system (the set of analyzers that provide a given act of perception) to compensate for these changes, we perceive the objects around us as relatively constant. The greatest degree of constancy is observed when visual perception colors, sizes and shapes of objects.

Meaningfulness of perception

Although perception arises from the direct action of a stimulus on the sense organs, perceptual images always have a certain semantic meaning. Human perception is closely related to thinking. To consciously perceive an object means to mentally name it, that is, to assign it to a certain group, class, to generalize it into a word. Even when we see an unfamiliar object, we try to establish similarities in it with familiar ones.

Apperception

Perception depends not only on irritation, but also on the subject himself. It is not the eye and ear that perceive, but a specific living person, and therefore perception always affects the characteristics of a person’s personality. The dependence of perception on the content of a person’s mental life, on the characteristics of his personality, is called apperception.

Social psychology is a science that studies the mechanisms and patterns of behavior and activity of people, determined by their inclusion in social groups and communities, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups and communities

Psychology is generally understood as the science of human behavior, and social psychology as the branch of that science that deals with human interaction. The primary task of science is to establish general laws through systematic observation. Social psychologists develop such general laws to describe and explain human interaction.

The very combination of the words “social psychology” indicates the specific place that this discipline occupies in the system of scientific knowledge. Having emerged at the intersection of the sciences - psychology and sociology, social psychology still retains its special status, which leads to the fact that each of the “parent” disciplines quite willingly includes it as an integral part. This ambiguity in the position of a scientific discipline has many different reasons. The main one is the objective existence of such a class of facts of social life, which themselves can be studied only with the help of the combined efforts of two sciences: psychology and sociology. On the one hand, any social phenomenon has its own “psychological” aspect, since social patterns manifest themselves only through the activities of people, and people act, being endowed with consciousness and will.

On the other hand, in situations of joint activity of people, completely special types of connections arise between them, connections of communication and interaction, and their analysis is impossible outside the system of psychological knowledge.

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the process of perception by one person of another acts as an obligatory component of communication and can conditionally be called the perceptual side of communication.

The object of the study is the interaction of people with each other through the perceptual side of communication.

The subject of the study is social perception as a socio-psychological aspect of interaction.

The purpose of the work is to study the structure and mechanisms of social perception.

Concept of social perception

social perception facial expressions openness

The emergence and successful development of interpersonal communication is possible only if there is mutual understanding between its participants. The extent to which people reflect each other's traits and feelings, perceive and understand others, and through them themselves, largely determines the process of communication, the relationships that develop between partners, and the ways in which they carry out joint activities. Thus, the process of cognition and understanding by one person of another acts as an obligatory component of communication; conditionally, it can be called the perceptual side of communication.

Social perception is one of the most complex and important concepts in social psychology. It can even be argued that it is one of the most significant contributions of social psychology to modern and promising Human psychology.

Its closeness to the general psychological concept of “perception” is limited by the name, the most general everyday meanings and the fact that both of them are related to the mechanisms and phenomena of human perception of various phenomena. This is where the similarities end. Perception is a theoretical concept that characterizes an artificially selected fragment of the holistic process of cognition and subjective understanding of the World by a person. Social perception is a complex, multi-component concept that tries to explain the unique phenomenon of cognition and understanding by people of each other.

The concept of social perception was first introduced by J. Bruner in 1947, when a new view of the perception of a person by a person was developed.

Social perception is a process that occurs when people interact with each other and includes the perception, study, understanding and evaluation of social objects by people: other people, themselves, groups or social communities.

The concept of “social perception” includes everything that in the general psychological approach is usually designated by various terms and studied separately, then trying to create a holistic picture of a person’s mental world from pieces:

– own process of perception of observed behavior;

– interpretation of the perceived causes of behavior and expected consequences;

– emotional assessment;

– building a strategy for your own behavior.

The person is surrounded the whole world which he perceives through various senses. Several analyzers, which are given physiologically to a person, allow us to perceive the world in all its diversity. This is called perception, which has its own effects and mechanisms. What is unique is that during perception a person makes something external a part of himself.

How does the process of perception occur?

Imagine a situation: a stranger is staring at you on the street. What do you usually do in such a situation? What thoughts do you have? Some people turn away because they are embarrassed. Others start staring because they feel threatened. Still others ask the stranger why he is looking at them, because they feel like they want something from them. Each person will react differently. But what happens in the real world?

In fact, it’s just one person looking intently at another, and that’s all. Perhaps this person was simply thinking about something of his own, which is why his gaze settled on you. And you have already managed to think something of your own (that he is looking at you, threatening you, wanting something).

Note that you come up with your own ideas about why they look at you, why they don’t smile, why they don’t say hello, etc. Although in fact the reason may be innocent and simple. And you’ve already thought of it!

The conclusion that follows is that there is no need to evaluate the outside world. They are looking at you, let them look. They don’t say hello to you, don’t let them say hello. People around you are laughing, let them laugh. Don't react because it doesn't play any role in your life. Is it really important for you to be looked at and told why they are doing this? Will this help you discover the meaning of life or will large sums of money appear in your pocket? There is no need to evaluate the outside world. Didn't say hello, so what? Continue to live and enjoy your existence and all that truly matters to you.

Don’t react to little things, because it’s easy to ruin your mood, but being happy is much more difficult. So, don’t spoil your mood by thinking that the whole world is against you. It’s better not to think anything at all, but just be on your own wavelength and mind your own business and worries.

What is perception?

Perception is not just the perception of the surrounding world, but also its interpretation. You can pay attention to the fact that each person assesses this or that situation in his own way. If you see a crying child on the street, people will assess what is happening differently:

• Some will say that he was lost.
• Others will begin to claim that the child is scared.
• Still others may think that the child has hammered his leg.
• Still others will argue that the child is calling his mother in this way.

Essentially, the baby is just crying. And people are already adding reasons for his crying and the current situation.

In psychology, perception refers to sensory knowledge of the surrounding world. This happens at the level of physiology, when a person perceives certain manifestations of the world around him, as well as at the level of emotions, when it involves analysis and drawing conclusions.

The surrounding world is perceived as a whole through perception. This allows a person to study it, separate it from other objects, discover certain information, draw conclusions, etc.

Social perception

A person actively participates in the lives of other people. Society is built on relationships between people, who should be friendly and respectful. However, it can be noted that not all people treat each other kindly and kindly. What is the reason? Here we should consider such a phenomenon as social perception.

This concept refers to the establishment of relationships between people that are based on their own assessments of each other.

• How does a person perceive another?
• How are the actions, gestures, and character of the interlocutor assessed?
• How does the process of interaction between individuals occur?
• What emotions and feelings does the interlocutor evoke in a person?

These and many other criteria affect how people will build relationships with each other in the future.

Almost all people give ratings. They can be negative and positive, since the individual divides the world around him into good and bad. If he likes something, then he gives a positive rating; if he doesn’t like something, then he gives a negative rating. It seems like a fun game, since you are allowed to give "pros" and "cons" to everything that surrounds you. I didn’t like it – “minus”, I liked it – “plus”. And no one will judge you for this or humiliate you if your assessment does not hurt anyone’s pride.

But in this exciting game there is one pitfall that the swimmer who grades everyone does not notice. Negative and positive assessments do not just talk about exactly how a person relates to a partner, thing, phenomenon, animal, etc. Negative and positive ratings don't just raise or lower the rating of something. This exciting game also tells the person himself, who gives estimates of what he will do and what he will not do.

By giving a positive rating to something, you are giving yourself a “green light” to move on, or a “red light” and turning away from something in the case of a negative rating. In other words, with your assessments you tell yourself: “Yes, I’ll take it... I’ll do this... I’ll communicate with him...” or “No, I don’t want that...” I don't want to see him anymore... This is absolutely not interesting to me...” But who knows what is useful for you and in what situations? Until you try, you won't know. And with your assessments you slow yourself down on the path of development, testing and gaining experience.

It is very easy to give someone or something a positive or negative rating. Evaluating is one of the fascinating activities of a person, especially if he is in a bad mood. I assessed the whole world with negative words - and you feel not so bad, not so humiliated. But it is precisely with these very assessments that you give yourself the “green” or “red” light to go or not to go, to take or not to take, to do or not to do. With your assessments, you set limits for yourself that do not exist in nature at all.

If you gave a negative rating, you built a kind of wall between yourself and the person or thing you gave a negative rating to. What if this is exactly what you need to be happy? Maybe this person could help you become more successful? And you gave him a negative rating only because he came in with torn shoes.

Be careful what and who you evaluate. The most ideal option is to get rid of any grades altogether. Why build barriers for yourself? After all, you can go anywhere and do anything. So start living more free life, leaving the process of assessing the world around to other people.

Thus, social perception includes:

1. Individual perception of what is happening.
2. Personal interpretation of what is happening and what is expected.
3. Planning your own behavior.
4. Emotional assessment.

Social perception is carried out exclusively during human interaction with people, which includes personal prejudices, attitudes, emerging emotions, etc.

Mechanisms of social perception

The process of social perception involves mechanisms that make this process complete:

• Identification. A person puts himself in the place of his interlocutor in order to understand his emotions, motives, and motivations. Here a person proceeds from his own ideas about how the interlocutor would act and feel in a given situation.
• Stereotyping. Evaluating a person according to which group of people he can be classified as. Here the ratings are based on:

1. Age.
2. Semi.
3. Professions.
4. Financial situation, etc.

• . The person empathizes with the interlocutor. By catching the emotional mood of another, you can understand what state he is in.
• Causal attribution. A person is endowed with qualities that he shows in his actions. Attempts are being made to find out the reasons for his behavior. There are types:

1. Personal – the reason lies in the person himself.
2. Objective – the cause is the object to which the actions are directed.
3. Circumstantial - the reasons lie in the conditions in which the action was performed.

• Reflection. Knowing yourself through another person. Usually a person imposes on others those qualities that he himself possesses.
• . A person experiences specific, stable feelings towards a partner.

Effects of social perception

Based on the assessment of each other’s personalities, interpersonal relationships. However, stereotypes are formed here that lead to social perception effects:

• The primacy effect is ideas about a person at the moment of meeting him based on available data: clothes, appearance, rumors about him, etc.
• The novelty effect is the emergence of new information that corrects or completely erases what a person thought about a partner. Here we often observe a change in relationships between people.
• The halo effect is the preservation of one’s opinion, despite what other people say about a person. At the same time, the partner’s qualities are often exaggerated or downplayed. It is more common for a person to stick to his or her formed opinion than to change it based on new data and experience.
• The projection effect is the attribution of personal qualities to a partner, improving or worsening it. If a partner is assessed positively, then positive personal qualities are attributed to him; if negatively, shortcomings are attributed to him.
• The average error effect is the neutralization of the qualities of another person if a final decision has not been made on how to treat him. Pronounced features are averaged out.

What does perception ultimately provide?

A person perceives the world not only with his senses, but also with his emotions, thoughts, beliefs and desires. All this creates a perception, on the basis of which a person forms his attitude towards people, things, events, etc. What does perception ultimately give? The attitude of a person on the basis of which a worldview is created.

A person thinks that his life does not depend in any way on what character or worldview he has. However, this is a mistaken opinion, since everything that a person has is interconnected.

A person’s life consists of the decisions he makes and actions he takes every day (this can be called the formation of destiny). Conclusions and actions are based on what kind of character a person has, and this, in turn, is formed thanks to what kind of thinking, worldview and values ​​the individual possesses. It turns out that in order to shape his happy destiny, a person needs to have a certain type of thinking (worldview), which will influence the development of his character, which will manifest itself in the form of decisions made and actions taken.

It all depends on what you think. It is not for nothing that the sages say that life begins with a thought, since it soon becomes embodied in real world. You thought - and this influenced your character, which allowed or did not allow you to commit this or that act, which led to specific consequences. Do you think a passive person can achieve wealth? Can an individual who eats more food than normal lose weight?

Your thoughts push you to take certain actions, but due to your character, you perform them or not. Any of your actions or inactions leads to certain results, and this generally shapes the life you live or will live. Therefore, the person himself shapes his destiny! Every day he makes decisions, performs specific actions, which lead to certain results with which the person then lives. Although I could have lived with completely different consequences if I had taken different actions and drawn different conclusions.