Education

“Including”: is a comma necessary or not? When to use commas: punctuation rules

August 3, 2015

Members of the sentence, which are in the nature of additional information, incidentally communicated in order to expand the content of the main statement, belong to the category of connecting ones. They are introduced using individual words, combinations or particles and are highlighted in writing with commas. We will talk in more detail about such words, or rather about specific examples of the use of some of them.

When to place a comma near the conjunction “including”

Including - this is a conjunction that is used to clarify or supplement information by adding a new member of the sentence to the existing ones.

When writing, you should remember that the connecting phrase (which includes the conjunction “including”) is separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. For example:

• Today all the guys have gathered with us, including Pavlik to discuss the current situation.
• Everyone already knew about it, including in our town.

And in order for the connecting member or phrase to be considered separate and require commas on both sides, you need to pay attention to the meaning of the statement.

So, in the case when the withdrawal of a phrase does not distort the structure of the sentence, it can be considered separate:

• In all his works, including and in this story, the author is surprisingly truthful and restrained (withdrawal of the phrase is possible, so it is separated by commas).

But in the case of the example: “In all, including“And in this work, the author skillfully conveys reality”, the removal will disrupt the structure - “in all... the work”, which means that the circulation is not isolated.

Is there a comma between the adjective and the conjunction “including”?

Please note that the conjunction “including” is not an introductory word, which means it is not separated by commas on both sides. Moreover, if the additional conjunctions “a” or “and” are used before the named conjunction, then they form a single combination and are not separated by a comma:

• Everyone got what they deserved, and including e Tolik.
• Natasha loved to draw portraits, and including and from memory, but I was embarrassed to show them to my friends (as you can see, there is no comma between conjunctions and the combination “including”).

But pay attention to one more detail - for the correct use of the conjunction “including” it is necessary to have in the sentence an indication of the whole, a part of which will be attached using this conjunction. Compare:

How to place commas near the conjunction “for example”

Another mistake often found in writing is an extra comma after the word “for example.” Commas, by the way, in this case are placed according to several general rules, which we will now present.

If the word “for example” comes before the adjunctive phrase to which it refers, then the entire phrase is set off with commas, not the word:

• Some girls For example Tanya, they helped in cleaning the classroom.

If a phrase including the word “for example” is highlighted with a dash or parentheses, then commas are placed after “for example”:

• Some girls ( For example, Tanya) helped in cleaning the classroom.

If the word “for example” appears after the connecting member, then in this case it is separated by commas on both sides:

• Some girls helped in cleaning the classroom. Here is Tanya, For example, washed the desks.

After “for example” there may be a colon, in situations where it is located after a word with a general meaning before homogeneous members:

• Some fruits are dangerous to give to people with allergies. For example: oranges, pineapples, as well as strawberries and other red berries.

If the mentioned word refers to the entire sentence or to its subordinate part (in the case when it is complex), then it is separated on both sides by commas:

• What will you do if, For example, will we meet hooligans?

This rule also applies to phrases that include combinations of “in particular” or “for example” and the like.

About how introductory words are highlighted

Some introductory words will be discussed next, so it’s worth remembering how they stand out in writing.

Introductory words help clarify what was said or emphasize some part of it. They are always distinguished in oral speech by pauses, and in written speech by commas. If such words appear at the beginning of a sentence, the punctuation mark is placed after them, and if at the end, then before them, including a comma when the introductory word is in the middle of the sentence. Then it is isolated from both sides.

How does “however” stand out in writing?

The word “however” serves both as an introductory word and as a conjunction or interjection. Therefore, separating it with commas depends on what role it plays in a given sentence and where it is located.

You should know that it never starts a sentence as an introductory word. If it is followed by a separate phrase, then after “however” a comma is placed:

• However, looking around, he quickly figured out what to do next.

And in the middle of such a revolution it stands out on both sides:

• He listened to the story, not quite, however, interesting, and smiled diligently.

When using the specified word as an interjection, a comma is required after and before “however”:

• However how you have grown during this time!

If “however” is used as a conjunction at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a comma, but when connecting parts of a complex sentence with its help, a comma is placed before it:

How to use commas when saying “please”

How commas are placed next to the word “please” largely depends on the context in which it is used. If it is used as an introductory word, in order to attract the attention of the interlocutor or as a polite address, then it is separated by commas according to the rules common for this type of word:

• Please, don’t remember the flowers in the flowerbed.
• Tell, Please, how to get to Ivanova Street?
• Sit down, Please.

But there are situations in which commas are not placed next to the word “please”. Firstly, if it is used as a particle meaning “yes”, and secondly, if “please” is included in the phrase:

How to place commas near the word “therefore”

When considering whether a comma should appear before or after the word “therefore,” you should definitely pay attention to the situation in which the adverb is used. Most often it is used as an analogue of a conjunction in complex sentences with cause-and-effect meaning:

• The sky is overcast with clouds, That's why everyone was expecting rain.
• The cup tilted treacherously That's why a dark stain appeared on the shirt.
• It was frosty at night, That's why the sidewalk was covered with a crust of ice.

In such situations, a comma is placed before “therefore,” as before a conjunction that connects two parts of a complex sentence.

By the way, this word is often confused with an introductory word, highlighting it in writing with commas, but it is part of a group of particles and adverbs that never belong to introductory words, and therefore do not need the aforementioned highlighting.

Summarize

If you think about how connecting phrases or introductory words are highlighted in a letter and whether a comma is placed after the word “therefore”, remember the nuances that allow you to accurately place punctuation marks. For this:

• pay attention to the context of the sentence;
• remember that the introductory word, like the connecting phrase, can be easily removed from the sentence;
• do not forget which words cannot act as introductory words;
• if the word is still introductory, apply the rules for highlighting them in writing;
• and when using the adverb “therefore,” remember the punctuation marks for parts of a complex sentence.

Compound derivative conjunctions are words that very often make you think about whether they need a comma and where to put it. The combination we are considering is no exception; Often writers cannot say with confidence whether the expression “including” is separated by commas or not. The reason for this, in particular, is that these words are often taken as introductory, although in reality they are never introductory: they cannot be rearranged or thrown out without losing meaning.

“Including” is separated by commas

Before the phrase

“Including” is a conjunction, but not a typical one. Unlike other conjunctions that connect homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence, and also attach phrases (for example, comparative), this conjunction only attaches phrases with the meaning of clarification, specification, highlighting one element of generality. Therefore, a comma is necessary before the conjunction. At the same time, with the words “including” there are no commas after them.

• This year, schoolchildren are going on a trip to the cities of the Golden Ring, including visiting Rostov the Great.
• The literature program for grade 10 includes several voluminous works, including L. N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace.”

No comma needed

If the combination “including” follows immediately after the conjunctions “a” or “and”, then it is not separated from them by a comma, that is, the comma appears only before the conjunction, and “including” is not distinguished by signs.

• My classmates, including the famous gymnast Olga Samsonova in our city, often gathered in this cafe for a cup of tea.
• He loved sad music, including mournful folk songs of the fraternal peoples of neighboring countries.

Do you know..

Which option is correct?
(according to last week’s statistics, only 63% answered correctly)

In Russian, the rules are sometimes so flexible that they are difficult to remember. For example, after the phrase “including,” is a comma necessary or not? In short, there are different options. In some places it is needed, in others it is not.

What is this phrase

According to dictionaries, the phrase “including” is a compound (consisting of several words) coordinating conjunction (connecting homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence) conjunction. Refers to connecting. That is, he brings some additional information to the sentence, adding it to what is already available.

The conjunctions themselves are not separated by commas; these are not introductory words. It's all about the information they bring with them. Usually this is some additional information to tell you more about something.
This information is called a connecting clause, a member of the sentence. As soon as it was formed, the union became dependent and is now considered together with the entire turnover. If it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence, it is highlighted (in the middle) or separated (at the end) with commas. Dashes are used less often.

Is there a need for a comma after “including”: rule

In the “Academic Directory”, paragraph 84, we read: “...Adjunct members of a sentence... are separated by commas.” The following mistake is often made here: understanding this phrase as an independent adjunct phrase, they put two commas on both sides. Thus, “including” is separated by commas as a connecting member of the sentence, being in fact a conjunction.

The mistake is that the second comma after this conjunction is placed too early. It should be placed after the attached information. The Union seems to be making an announcement: now there will be information. This information follows. And after them you need a comma.

Examples of correct and incorrect spelling

When is a comma needed after “including” and when not?
Example of correct spelling:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, including about connecting turns.

Example of incorrect spelling:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, including about connecting turns.

The part of the sentence that, with the help of this conjunction, complements what was said earlier is highlighted in italics. It should not be broken by a comma. It should only be highlighted, separated from the previous text. And here a comma is needed.

When to put a comma after a revolution

Sometimes a comma is also placed after the turn. This happens when the sentence does not end there and the thought from its first part continues. Then in a phrase starting with the words “including”, a comma on both sides highlights it, and the phrase is entirely enclosed in commas. Example:

This text contains a lot of boring information, including about connecting phrases, and only an academician can understand it.

Here, if you remove the phrase, commas are not needed. The conjunction “and” excludes them. But it happens that even if you remove the phrase, commas are needed. This is required if an idea from the first or second part is being explained. Example:

This text contains a lot of boring information, including about connecting phrases, which only an academician can understand.

The idea from the first part of the sentence is explained.

This text contains a lot of boring information, including about connecting phrases, which only an academician can understand.

The idea from the second part of the sentence is explained.
It is important to understand that these examples do not apply to the rule of writing only the conjunction “including”. They are given in order to show the emphasis of the turnover with this union. They will also stand out with another union. Example:

This text contains a lot of boring information, namely about connecting phrases, which only an academician can understand.

Knowing conjunctions, it is easy to understand where to put commas.

When a comma is not used

There are cases when they write “including” without commas. Example:

Previously, we occupied office number one hundred, and now we occupy number one hundred thirty-seven. It’s a pity that we moved, I also liked the ease of memorization.

Everything is clear here. From the context it is clear that we are talking about numerals. The meaning of the phrase is different. And the rules are different. This is no longer a conjunction, but a noun “number” in the prepositional case. Here's a more complicated example:

Due to the unrepaired vehicle fleet, field cultivation has been reduced. As we can see, fluctuations in the amount of gross product occur, among other things, due to the liquidation of an automobile repair enterprise.

There is no comma before or after “including”. Context is important here too. If you remove the conjunction, the meaning of what was said changes slightly. That is, the only reason for fluctuations in the amount of gross product is indicated - the liquidation of an automobile repair enterprise. Because of the phrase, it is clear that this reason is not the only one. You can rephrase this so that the connecting phrase becomes visible:

Fluctuations in the amount of gross product are influenced by certain reasons, including the liquidation of an automobile repair enterprise.

The word “reasons” is supplemented with a phrase (in italics).
In common speech it might look like this:

This happened also due to your fault. This happened due to your fault as well.

Classic option:

Many people are to blame for what happened, including you.

Here the word “many” is supplemented with a phrase. It is implied, but not in the previous version. Here is an example of the movement of the tongue. This is how the majority began to speak, these constructions (with the missing explanatory word) are pronounced on the radio, they fly from the lips of politicians. Many sentences that were previously considered unacceptable constructions due to the lack of a generalizing word are now the norm.

When a proposal is made incorrectly

It happens that the sentence itself containing this conjunction is composed incorrectly. The rules stipulate that the connecting structure must refer to a specific word. If it is not there, there is nothing to add.
Example:

At the alumni meeting, we remembered, among other things, the Petrov twins.

Here the conjunction “including” is completely unnecessary; the comma in front of it speaks of an attached phrase. But there is just no word that needs to be added. Sounds ignorant. You can rephrase it like this:

At the alumni meeting, many classmates were remembered, including the Petrov twins.

Why do you need to know this?

Not only schoolchildren, but also adults have to figure out where to put a comma. Imagine this situation: a graduate wrote a resume and sent it to companies that require a specialist of his level. He was sure that they would take him.

While his competitors sitting in line for an interview were worried, he calmly imagined himself in a new place of work. Imagine his surprise when the employer’s representative pointed to his resume as the reason for the refusal!
It turned out that, trying to present himself from the best side, the applicant wrote the following phrase:

I had the opportunity to develop software products for large companies, including “A” and “B”, and I have a certificate of successful implementation of one of them.

After the conjunction “including” there is a comma, but it should come after the turn (in italics), and not break it. Apparently, the young man was afraid to put a comma before “and”. In vain.

This is how a specialist competent in his field can suddenly become a loser.

Is it worth replacing this phrase?

It should be noted that such phrases can be added without conjunctions. For example:

This text contains a lot of boring information, including about connecting turns. This text contains a lot of boring information about connecting turns.

In the second case, the conjunction will be thrown out, but the meaning has changed a little. Now from the sentence it follows that boring information contains connecting phrases. In the first sentence, this is not the only reason; some other reason is implied.
Some people try to replace awkward words and write in simple sentences to avoid mistakes. Thus, the language is impoverished and deprived of turns of speech. Words that accurately express the thought are gone. Ultimately, this leads to an impoverished vocabulary and the inability to explain or prove anything.

Having dealt with unions, it will be easy to pass the literacy test, and the mistakes of your colleagues will only make you smile. The best way to improve literacy is to read fiction. It is rich in expressive means; in it you can find all the techniques necessary for writing texts.
The main thing is not to give up, and everything will work out!

INCLUDING

including e

union

Usage when adding a member of a sentence that is part of the whole discussed in the first part of the sentence; including smb., sth., including.

Efremova. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is INCLUDING in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• INCLUDING
  union Ut. when adding a member of a sentence that is part of the whole discussed in the first part of the sentence; including...
• INCLUDING
  conjunction Used when joining a member of a sentence that is part of the whole discussed in the first part of the sentence; including...
• INCLUDING
  conjunction Used when joining a member of a sentence that is part of the whole (mentioned in the first part of the sentence), ...
• VOLUME in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
  169467, Komi Republic, ...
• VOLUME in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a, pl. -a, -bv and (obsolete) -y, -ov, m. A separate book of some kind. essays, publications. A novel in two volumes. Wrote...
• VOLUME in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  then "m, toma", then "ma, tomo" in, then "mu, toma" m, then "m, toma", then "mom, toma" mi, to" me, ...
• VOLUME in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
  Syn: book, tome...
• VOLUME in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
  Syn: book, tome (book...
• VOLUME in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
  see book,...
• VOLUME in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  book, booklet, microtome, volume, folio, ...
• VOLUME in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  
• VOLUME in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  volume, -a, pl. -A, …
• VOLUME in the Spelling Dictionary:
  volume, -a, pl. -`a,...
• VOLUME in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  a separate book of some work, a novel edition in two volumes. Wrote entire volumes (translated: very...
• VOLUME. in Dahl's Dictionary:
  (abbreviation) word from Tomsk ...
• VOLUME in Dahl's Dictionary:
  husband. , lat. volume, volume, volume, part of a book, department, in a special binding. Dictionary in four volumes. There are 1000 of them in the library...
• VOLUME
  volumes, plural volumes, volumes, and volumes, volumes, m. (Greek tomos - Department). Department of some kind essays, publications that make up a separate book. Complete...
• VOLUME in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  Suggestion p.un. h. from this and from that ...
• VOLUME in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  m. 1) Part of the collected works, smb. publications that form a separate book. 2) A separate book as a unit of account. 3) decomposition Book (usually...
• VOLUME in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  m. 1. Part of a collection of works, any publication, constituting a separate book. 2. A separate book as a unit of account. 3. decompression Book (usually...
• VOLUME in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  m. 1. Part of a collection of works or any publication, constituting a separate book. 2. A separate book as a unit of account. 3. decompression Book …
• UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
  Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radyanska Socialistichna Respublika), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation ...
• UZBEK SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
• THE USSR. LITERATURE AND ART in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  and art Literature Multinational Soviet literature represents a qualitatively new stage in the development of literature. As a definite artistic whole, united by a single socio-ideological...
• THE USSR. NATURAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  sciences Mathematics Scientific research in the field of mathematics began to be carried out in Russia in the 18th century, when Leningrad became members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences...
• UNITED STATES OF AMERICA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  States of America (USA). I. General information The USA is a state in North America. Area 9.4 million...
• RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERAL SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, RSFSR in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• JAPAN*
• FINLAND* in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
• ESTONIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Soviet Socialist Republic, Estonia (Eesti NSV). I. General information The Estonian SSR was founded on July 21, 1940. From August 6, 1940 in ...
• FRANCE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• TURKMEN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• POLAND in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (Polska), Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa), Poland. I. General information P. is a socialist state in Central Europe, in the basin ...
• LATVIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• CHINA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• ITALY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• GREAT BRITAIN (STATE) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• BELARUSIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Soviet Socialist Republic (Belarusian Savetskaya Satsyyalichnaya Republic), Belarus (Belarus). I. General information The BSSR was formed on January 1, 1919. With the creation of the Union ...
• ARMENIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• AZERBAIJAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan Sovet Sosialist Respublikasy), Azerbaijan. I. General information The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28, 1920. From March 12 ...
• SIBERIA* in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
• SAINT PETERSBURG, CAPITAL OF RUSSIA* in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
• GREAT BRITAIN* in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  Contents: A. Geographical outline: Position and borders; Surface design; Irrigation; Climate and natural works; Space and population; Emigration; Rural...
• BIBLIOGRAPHY in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
• CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE OF THE RSFSR in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB.
• RUSSIAN LABOR CODE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  FEDERATION (approved by the Supreme Court of the RSFSR on 12/09/71) The preamble is excluded. - Law of the Russian Federation dated September 25, 1992 No. 3543-1. (as amended by Decrees of the Presidium of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation dated September 20, 1973, dated ...
• RUSSIA, SECTION HISTORY OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE (BIBLIOGRAPHY) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
  Literature. General essays. The beginnings of literary history, lists of writers. Johannis Petri Kohlii, "Introductio in historiam et rem litterariam Slavorum" (Altona, 1729); ...
• CZECHOSLOVAKIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.

According to dictionaries, the phrase “including” is a compound (consisting of several words) coordinating conjunction (connecting homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence) conjunction. Refers to connecting. That is, he brings some additional information to the sentence, adding it to what is already available.

The conjunctions themselves are not separated by commas; these are not introductory words. It's all about the information they bring with them. Usually this is some additional information to tell you more about something.

This information is called connecting turn, member of the sentence. As soon as it was formed, the union became dependent and is now considered together with the entire turnover. If it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence, it is highlighted (in the middle) or separated (at the end) with commas. Dashes are used less often.

Is there a need for a comma after “including”: rule

In the “Academic Directory”, paragraph 84, we read: “...Adjunct members of a sentence... are separated by commas.” The following mistake is often made here: understanding this phrase as an independent adjunct phrase, they put two commas on both sides. Thus, “including” is separated by commas as a connecting member of the sentence, being in fact a conjunction.

«>

The mistake is that the second comma after this conjunction is placed too early. It should be placed after the attached information. The Union seems to be making an announcement: now there will be information. This information follows. And after them you need a comma.

Examples of correct and incorrect spelling

When is a comma needed after “including” and when not?

Example of correct spelling:

• , including.

Example of incorrect spelling:

• including, about connecting revolutions.

The part of the sentence that, with the help of this conjunction, complements what was said earlier is highlighted in italics. It should not be broken by a comma. It should only be highlighted, separated from the previous text. And here a comma is needed.

When to put a comma after a revolution

Sometimes a comma is also placed after the turn. This happens when the sentence does not end there and the thought from its first part continues. Then in a phrase starting with the words “including”, a comma on both sides highlights it, and the phrase is entirely enclosed in commas. Example:

• There is a lot of boring information in this text, includingabout connecting revolutions, and only an academician can understand this.

Here, if you remove the phrase, commas are not needed. The conjunction “and” excludes them. But it happens that even if you remove the phrase, commas are needed. This is required if an idea from the first or second part is being explained. Example:

• There is a lot of boring information in this text, includingabout connecting revolutions, which only an academician can understand.

The idea from the first part of the sentence is explained.

• There is a lot of boring information in this text, includingabout connecting revolutions

The idea from the second part of the sentence is explained.

It is important to understand that these examples do not apply to the rule of writing only the conjunction “including”. They are given in order to show the emphasis of the turnover with this union. They will also stand out with another union. Example:

• This text contains a lot of boring information. , namely about connecting revolutions, which only an academician can understand.

Knowing conjunctions, it is easy to understand where to put commas.

When a comma is not used

There are cases when they write “including” without commas. Example:

• Previously, we occupied office number one hundred, and now we occupy number one hundred thirty-seven. It's a shame they moved, I liked it including ease of memorization.

Everything is clear here. From the context it is clear that we are talking about numerals. The meaning of the phrase is different. And the rules are different. This is no longer a conjunction, but a noun “number” in the prepositional case. Here's a more complicated example:

• Due to the unrepaired vehicle fleet, field cultivation has been reduced. As we see, fluctuations in the amount of gross product occur including and due to the liquidation of an auto repair company.

Neither before nor after " including"There is no comma. Context is important here too. If you remove the conjunction, the meaning of what was said changes slightly. That is, the only reason for fluctuations in the amount of gross product is indicated - the liquidation of an automobile repair enterprise. Because of the phrase, it is clear that this reason is not the only one. You can rephrase this so that the connecting phrase becomes visible:

• Fluctuations in the amount of gross product are influenced by certain reasons, including liquidation of a car repair company.

The word “reasons” is supplemented with a phrase (in italics).

In common speech it might look like this:

• It happened including and it's your fault.
• It happened and through your fault as well.

Classic option:

• Many people are to blame for what happened, including and you.

Here the word “many” is supplemented with a phrase. It is implied, but not in the previous version. Here is an example of the movement of the tongue. This is how the majority began to speak, these constructions (with the missing explanatory word) are pronounced on the radio, they fly from the lips of politicians. Many sentences that were previously considered unacceptable constructions due to the lack of a generalizing word are now the norm.

When a proposal is made incorrectly

It happens that the sentence itself containing this conjunction is composed incorrectly. The rules stipulate that the connecting structure must refer to a specific word. If it is not there, there is nothing to add.

• At the alumni meeting we recalled including and the Petrov twins.

Here the conjunction “including” is completely unnecessary; the comma in front of it speaks of an attached phrase. But there is just no word that needs to be added. Sounds ignorant. You can rephrase it like this:

• At the alumni meeting, many classmates were remembered, including and the Petrov twins.

Why do you need to know this?

Not only schoolchildren, but also adults have to figure out where to put a comma. Imagine this situation: a graduate wrote a resume and sent it to companies that require a specialist of his level. He was sure that they would take him.

While his competitors sitting in line for an interview were worried, he calmly imagined himself in a new place of work. Imagine his surprise when the employer’s representative pointed to his resume as the reason for the refusal!

It turned out that, trying to present himself from the best side, the applicant wrote the following phrase:

• I had the opportunity to develop software products for large companies, innumber, for "A" and "B" and I have a certificate of successful implementation of one of them.

After the conjunction “including” there is a comma, but it should come after the turn (in italics), and not break it. Apparently, the young man was afraid to put a comma before “and”. In vain.

This is how a specialist competent in his field can suddenly become a loser.

Is it worth replacing this phrase?

It should be noted that such phrases can be added without conjunctions. For example:

• This text contains a lot of boring information. .
• This text contains a lot of boring information. about connecting revolutions.

In the second case, the conjunction will be thrown out, but the meaning has changed a little. Now from the sentence it follows that boring information contains connecting phrases. In the first sentence, this is not the only reason; some other reason is implied.

Some people try to replace awkward words and write in simple sentences to avoid mistakes. Thus, the language is impoverished and deprived of turns of speech. Words that accurately express the thought are gone. Ultimately, this leads to an impoverished vocabulary and the inability to explain or prove anything.

Having dealt with unions, it will be easy to pass the literacy test, and the mistakes of your colleagues will only make you smile. The best way to improve literacy is to read fiction. It is rich in expressive means; in it you can find all the techniques necessary for writing texts.

The main thing is not to give up, and everything will work out!

When to place a comma near the conjunction “including”

Including - this is a conjunction that is used to clarify or supplement information by adding a new member of the sentence to the existing ones.

When writing, you should remember that the connecting phrase (which includes the conjunction “including”) is separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. For example:

• Today all the guys have gathered with us, including Pavlik to discuss the current situation.
• Everyone already knew about it, including in our town.

And in order for the connecting member or phrase to be considered separate and require commas on both sides, you need to pay attention to the meaning of the statement.

So, in the case when the withdrawal of a phrase does not distort the structure of the sentence, it can be considered separate:

• In all his works, including and in this story, the author is surprisingly truthful and restrained (withdrawal of the phrase is possible, so it is separated by commas).

But in the case of the example: “In all, including“And in this work, the author skillfully conveys reality”, the removal will disrupt the structure - “in all... the work”, which means that the circulation is not isolated.

Is there a comma between the adjective and the conjunction “including”?

Please note that the conjunction “including” is not an introductory word, which means it is not separated by commas on both sides. Moreover, if the additional conjunctions “a” or “and” are used before the named conjunction, then they form a single combination and are not separated by a comma:

• Everyone got what they deserved, and including e Tolik.
• Natasha loved to draw portraits, and including and from memory, but I was embarrassed to show them to my friends (as you can see, there is no comma between conjunctions and the combination “including”).

But pay attention to one more detail - for the correct use of the conjunction “including” it is necessary to have in the sentence an indication of the whole, a part of which will be attached using this conjunction. Compare:

How to place commas near the conjunction “for example”

Another mistake often found in writing is an extra comma after the word “for example.” Commas, by the way, in this case are placed according to several general rules, which we will now present.

If the word “for example” comes before the adjunctive phrase to which it refers, then the entire phrase is set off with commas, not the word:

• Some girls For example Tanya, they helped in cleaning the classroom.

If a phrase including the word “for example” is highlighted with a dash or parentheses, then commas are placed after “for example”:

• Some girls ( For example, Tanya) helped in cleaning the classroom.

If the word “for example” appears after the connecting member, then in this case it is separated by commas on both sides:

• Some girls helped in cleaning the classroom. Here is Tanya, For example, washed the desks.

After “for example” there may be a colon, in situations where it is located after a word with a general meaning before homogeneous members:

• Some fruits are dangerous to give to people with allergies. For example: oranges, pineapples, as well as strawberries and other red berries.

If the mentioned word refers to the entire sentence or to its subordinate part (in the case when it is complex), then it is separated on both sides by commas:

• What will you do if, For example, will we meet hooligans?

This rule also applies to phrases that include combinations of “in particular” or “for example” and the like.

About how introductory words are highlighted

Introductory words help clarify what was said or emphasize some part of it. They are always distinguished in oral speech by pauses, and in written speech by commas. If such words appear at the beginning of a sentence, the punctuation mark is placed after them, and if at the end, then before them, including a comma when the introductory word is in the middle of the sentence. Then it is isolated from both sides.

How does “however” stand out in writing?

The word “however” serves both as an introductory word and as a conjunction or interjection. Therefore, separating it with commas depends on what role it plays in a given sentence and where it is located.

You should know that it never starts a sentence as an introductory word. If it is followed by a separate phrase, then after “however” a comma is placed:

• However, looking around, he quickly figured out what to do next.

And in the middle of such a revolution it stands out on both sides:

• He listened to the story, not quite, however, interesting, and smiled diligently.

When using the specified word as an interjection, a comma is required after and before “however”:

• However how you have grown during this time!

If “however” is used as a conjunction at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a comma, but when connecting parts of a complex sentence with its help, a comma is placed before it:

How to use commas when saying “please”

How commas are placed next to the word “please” largely depends on the context in which it is used. If it is used as an introductory word, in order to attract the attention of the interlocutor or as a polite address, then it is separated by commas according to the rules common for this type of word:

• Please, don’t remember the flowers in the flowerbed.
• Tell, Please, how to get to Ivanova Street?
• Sit down, Please.

But there are situations in which commas are not placed next to the word “please”. Firstly, if it is used as a particle meaning “yes”, and secondly, if “please” is included in the phrase:

How to place commas near the word “therefore”

When considering whether a comma should appear before or after the word “therefore,” you should definitely pay attention to the situation in which the adverb is used. Most often it is used as an analogue of a conjunction in complex sentences with cause-and-effect meaning:

• The sky is overcast with clouds, That's why everyone was expecting rain.
• The cup tilted treacherously That's why a dark stain appeared on the shirt.
• It was frosty at night, That's why the sidewalk was covered with a crust of ice.

In such situations, a comma is placed before “therefore,” as before a conjunction that connects two parts of a complex sentence.

By the way, this word is often confused with an introductory word, highlighting it in writing with commas, but it is part of a group of particles and adverbs that never belong to introductory words, and therefore do not need the aforementioned highlighting.

Summarize

If you think about how connecting phrases or introductory words are highlighted in a letter and whether a comma is placed after the word “therefore”, remember the nuances that allow you to accurately place punctuation marks. For this:

• pay attention to the context of the sentence;
• remember that the introductory word, like the connecting phrase, can be easily removed from the sentence;
• do not forget which words cannot act as introductory words;
• if the word is still introductory, apply the rules for highlighting them in writing;
• and when using the adverb “therefore,” remember the punctuation marks for parts of a complex sentence.