Simple and clear teaching of physics. Physics
Physics comes to us in the 7th grade of a secondary school, although in fact we are familiar with it almost from the cradle, because it is everything that surrounds us. This subject seems very difficult to study, but it needs to be learned.
This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age
Have you already turned 18?
You can learn physics in different ways - all methods are good in their own way (but they are not the same for everyone). School program does not provide a complete understanding (and acceptance) of all phenomena and processes. The culprit is a lack of practical knowledge, because the learned theory essentially gives nothing (especially for people with little spatial imagination).
So, before you start studying this interesting subject, you need to immediately find out two things - why you are studying physics and what results you expect.
Do you want to pass the Unified State Exam and enter a technical university? Great - you can start distance learning on the Internet. Now many universities or simply professors conduct their online courses, where they present the entire school physics course in a fairly accessible form. But there are also small disadvantages: first, get ready for the fact that it will not be free (and the higher the scientific title of your virtual teacher, the more expensive), second, you will only teach theory. You will have to use any technology at home and independently.
If you simply have problematic learning - a discrepancy in views with the teacher, missed lessons, laziness, or the language of presentation is simply incomprehensible, then the situation is much simpler. You just need to pull yourself together, and pick up the books and teach, teach, teach. This is the only way to get clear subject-specific results (in all subjects at once) and significantly increase the level of your knowledge. Remember - it is unrealistic to learn physics in a dream (even though you really want to). And very effective heuristic training will not bear fruit without a good knowledge of the basics of the theory. That is, positive planned results are possible only if:
- qualitative study of theory;
- developmental education in the relationship between physics and other sciences;
- performing exercises in practice;
- classes with like-minded people (if you really feel like doing heuristics).
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Starting to learn physics from scratch is the most difficult, but at the same time the simplest stage. The only difficulty is that you will have to remember a lot of rather contradictory and complex information in a hitherto unfamiliar language - you will need to work hard on the terms. But in principle, this is all possible and you don’t need anything supernatural for this.
How to learn physics from scratch?
Don't expect that the beginning of learning will be very difficult - it is a fairly simple science, provided you understand its essence. Don’t rush to learn a lot of different terms - first understand each phenomenon and “try” it on in your everyday life. This is the only way physics can come to life for you and become as understandable as possible—you simply won’t achieve this by cramming. Therefore, the first rule is to learn physics in a measured manner, without sudden jerks, without going to extremes.
Where to begin? Start with textbooks, unfortunately, they are important and necessary. It is there that you will find the necessary formulas and terms that you cannot do without in the learning process. You won’t be able to learn them quickly; there is a reason to write them down on pieces of paper and hang them in prominent places (no one has yet canceled visual memory). And then in literally 5 minutes you will refresh your memory every day until you finally remember them.
You can achieve the highest quality results in about a year - this is a complete and understandable physics course. Of course, it will be possible to see the first changes in a month - this time will be quite enough to master the basic concepts (but not deep knowledge- please do not confuse).
But despite the ease of the subject, don’t expect that you will be able to learn everything in 1 day or in a week - it’s impossible. Therefore, there is a reason to sit down with textbooks long before start of the Unified State Exam. And it’s not worth getting hung up on the question of how long it will take to memorize physics - it’s very unpredictable. This is because different sections of this subject are taught in completely different ways, and no one knows how kinematics or optics will “suit” you. Therefore, study sequentially: paragraph by paragraph, formula by formula. It is better to write down definitions several times and refresh your memory from time to time. This is the basis that you must remember; it is important to learn how to operate with definitions (use them). To do this, try to apply physics to life - use everyday terms.
But most importantly, the basis of each method and method of training is daily and hard work, without which you will not get results. And that's the second rule easy learning subject - the more you learn new things, the easier it will be for you. Forget recommendations like science in your sleep, even if it works, it certainly doesn’t work with physics. Instead, get busy with problems - not only is this a way to understand the next law, but it is also a great workout for the mind.
Why do you need to study physics? Probably 90% of schoolchildren will answer that it is for the Unified State Exam, but this is not at all true. In life, it will be useful much more often than geography - the likelihood of getting lost in the forest is somewhat lower than changing a light bulb yourself. Therefore, the question of why physics is needed can be answered unequivocally - for yourself. Of course, not everyone will need it in full, but basic knowledge is simply necessary. Therefore, take a closer look at the basics - this is a way to easily and simply understand (not learn) the basic laws.
c"> Is it possible to learn physics on your own?
Of course you can - learn definitions, terms, laws, formulas, try to apply the acquired knowledge in practice. It will also be important to clarify the question - how to teach? Set aside at least an hour a day for physics. Leave half of this time to get new material - read the textbook. Leave a quarter of an hour for cramming or repetition of new concepts. The remaining 15 minutes is practice time. That is, watch physical phenomenon, do an experiment or just solve an interesting problem.
Is it really possible to quickly learn physics at this rate? Most likely not - your knowledge will be quite deep, but not extensive. But this is the only way to learn physics correctly.
The easiest way to do this is if you have lost knowledge only for the 7th grade (although in the 9th grade this is already a problem). You simply restore small gaps in knowledge and that’s it. But if 10th grade is just around the corner, and your knowledge of physics is zero, this is of course a difficult situation, but fixable. It is enough to take all the textbooks for grades 7, 8, 9 and properly, gradually study each section. There is an easier way - take the publication for applicants. There, the entire school physics course is collected in one book, but do not expect detailed and consistent explanations - the supporting materials assume an elementary level of knowledge.
Learning physics is a very long journey that can only be completed with honor through daily hard work.
Depending on your goal, free time and level of mathematical preparation, several options are possible.
Option 1
The goal is “for yourself”, the deadlines are not limited, mathematics is also almost from scratch.
Choose a line of textbooks that is more interesting, for example, Landsberg's three-volume book, and study it, taking notes in a notebook. Then go through the textbooks of G. Ya. Myakishev and B. B. Bukhovtsev for grades 10-11 in the same way. Consolidate your knowledge - read the reference book for grades 7-11 O.F. Kabardina.
If G. S. Landsberg's manuals do not suit you, and they are specifically for those who study physics from scratch, take the line of textbooks for grades 7-9 by A. V. Peryshkin and E. M. Gutnik. There is no need to be embarrassed that this is for young children - sometimes even fifth-year students without preparation “swim” in Peryshkin for 7th grade already from the tenth page.
How to practice
Be sure to answer the questions and complete the tasks after the paragraphs.
At the end of the notebook, make yourself a reference book on basic concepts and formulas.
Be sure to find videos on YouTube with physical experiments that appear in the textbook. Look through and take notes according to the scheme: what did you see - what did you observe - why? I recommend the GetAClass resource - all experiments and theory for them are systematized there.
Immediately start a separate notebook for solving problems. Start with the problem book by V.I. Lukashik and E.V. Ivanova for grades 7-9 and solve half the tasks from it. Then solve the problem book by A.P. Rymkevich by 70% or, as an option, “Collection of questions and problems in physics” for grades 10-11 by G.N. and A.P. Stepanov.
Try to decide for yourself, look in the solution book as a last resort. If you encounter a difficulty, look for an analogue of the problem with analysis. To do this, you need to have 3-4 paper books on hand, where solutions to physical problems are discussed in detail. For example, “Problems in physics with analysis of their solutions” by N. E. Savchenko or books by I. L. Kasatkina.
If everything is clear to you, and your soul asks for complex things, take the multi-volume book by G. Ya. Myakishev, A. Z. Sinyakov for specialized classes and solve all the exercises.
We invite everyone who wants to study physics
Option 2
Target - Unified State Examination or another, term - two years, mathematics - from scratch.
Handbook for schoolchildren by O. F. Kabardin and “Collection of problems in physics” for grades 10-11 by O. I. Gromtseva O. I. (“tailored” for the Unified State Exam). If the exam is not the Unified State Exam, it is better to take the problem books of V. I. Lukashik and A. P. Rymkevich or “Collection of questions and problems in physics” for grades 10-11 by G. N. Stepanova, A. P. Stepanova. Do not hesitate to refer to the textbooks of A.V. Peryshkin and E.M. Gutnik for grades 7-9, or better yet, take notes on them too.
Persistent and hardworking people can go through the entire book “Physics. Complete school course" by V. A. Orlova, G. G. Nikiforova, A. A. Fadeeva and others. This manual has everything you need: theory, practice, tasks.
How to practice
The system is the same as in the first option:
- keep notebooks for taking notes and solving problems,
- take notes and solve problems in your notebook yourself,
- view and analyze experiences, for example, on GetAClass.
- If you want to most effectively prepare for the Unified State Exam or Unified State Exam in the remaining time,
Option 3
The goal is the Unified State Exam, the deadline is 1 year, mathematics is at a good level.
If mathematics is normal, you don’t have to turn to textbooks for grades 7-9, but immediately take grades 10-11 and O. F. Kabardin’s reference book for schoolchildren. The Kabardin manual contains topics that are not in textbooks for grades 10-11. At the same time, I recommend watching videos with experiments in physics and analyzing them according to the scheme.
Option 4
The goal is the Unified State Exam, the deadline is 1 year, mathematics is at zero.
It is unrealistic to prepare for the Unified State Exam in a year without a foundation in mathematics. Unless you do all the points from option No. 2 every day for 2 hours.
Teachers and tutors at the Foxford online school will help you achieve maximum results in the remaining time.
This book will allow the reader to easily learn the basics school course physics. The author will help you understand the essence of the basic laws and phenomena of physics, without delving into complex theoretical calculations. The book provides basic information from the main areas of physics: kinematics, mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism and optics. All explanations are accompanied simple examples, which do not claim to be a complete description of physical processes, but allow you to quickly understand their essence.
We watch moving objects.
Some of the most fundamental questions about the structure of the world involve the movement of objects. Will a huge stone rolling towards you slow down? How fast do you need to move to avoid colliding with him? (Wait a second, I'll do the math on the calculator now...) Motion has been one of the first research topics that physicists have long pursued in order to obtain convincing answers to their questions.
Part I of this book examines the motion of objects ranging from billiard balls to railroad cars. Movement is a fundamental phenomenon of our life and one of those phenomena that most people know quite a lot about. Just press the gas pedal and the car will start moving.
But it's not that simple. Describing the principles of motion is the first step in understanding physics, which is manifested in observations and measurements and the creation of mental and mathematical models based on these observations and measurements. This process is unfamiliar to most people, and those are the people this book is intended for.
The seemingly simple process of studying movement is the beginning. If you look closely, you will notice that the actual movement is constantly changing. Look at the braking of a motorcycle at a traffic light, at the fall of a leaf to the ground and its continuation of movement under the influence of the wind, at the incredible movement of billiard balls after an intricate blow by a master.
Table of contents
Introduction
Part I. A world on the move
Chapter 1. How to understand our world using physics
Chapter 2. Understanding the basics of physics
Chapter 3. Quenching the thirst for speed
Chapter 4. Follow the signs
Part II. May the forces of physics be with us
Chapter 5: Push to Act: Power
Chapter 6. Harnessing into the harness: inclined planes and friction
Chapter 7. Moving in orbits
Part III. Converting work into energy and vice versa
Chapter 8. Getting the job done
Chapter 9. Moving objects: momentum and momentum
Chapter 10. Rotating objects: moment of force
Chapter 11. Spinning Objects: Moment of Inertia
Chapter 12. Compressing Springs: Simple Harmonic Motion
Part IV. Formulating the laws of thermodynamics
Chapter 13. An unexpected explanation of heat using thermodynamics
Chapter 14. Transferring thermal energy to solids ah and gases
Chapter 15. Thermal energy and work: principles of thermodynamics
Part V. We become electrified and magnetized
Chapter 16. Getting Electrified: Studying Static Electricity
Chapter 17. We fly after electrons along wires
Chapter 18. Magnetizing: attracting and repelling
Chapter 19. Calming current and voltage fluctuations
Chapter 20. A little light on mirrors and lenses
Part VI. Magnificent Tens
Chapter 21. Ten amazing guesses of the theory of relativity
Chapter 22. Ten Crazy Physics Ideas Glossary
Subject index.
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Download the book Physics for Dummies, Holzner S., 2012 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
M.: 2010.- 752 p. M.: 1981.- T.1 - 336 p., T.2 - 288 p.
Book famous physicist from the USA J. Orira is one of the most successful introductory physics courses in world literature, covering the range from physics as a school subject to an accessible description of its latest achievements. This book has taken pride of place on the bookshelf of several generations of Russian physicists, and for this edition the book has been significantly expanded and modernized. The author of the book, a student of the outstanding physicist of the 20th century, Nobel laureate E. Fermi, taught his course to students at Cornell University for many years. This course can serve as a useful practical introduction to the widely known Feynman Lectures on Physics in Russia and the Berkeley Course in Physics. In terms of its level and content, Orir’s book is already accessible to high school students, but may also be of interest to undergraduates, graduate students, teachers, as well as all those who want not only to systematize and expand their knowledge in the field of physics, but also to learn how to successfully solve a wide range of problems physical tasks.
Format: pdf(2010, 752 pp.)
Size: 56 MB
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Note: Below is a color scan.
Volume 1.
Format: djvu (1981, 336 pp.)
Size: 5.6 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
Volume 2.
Format: djvu (1981, 288 pp.)
Size: 5.3 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface by the editor of the Russian edition 13
Preface 15
1. INTRODUCTION 19
§ 1. What is physics? 19
§ 2. Units of measurement 21
§ 3. Analysis of dimensions 24
§ 4. Accuracy in physics 26
§ 5. The role of mathematics in physics 28
§ 6. Science and society 30
Application. Correct answers that do not contain some common errors 31
Exercises 31
Problems 32
2. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION 34
§ 1. Speed 34
§ 2. Average speed 36
§ 3. Acceleration 37
§ 4. Uniformly accelerated motion 39
Key findings 43
Exercises 43
Problems 44
3. TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION 46
§ 1. Trajectories of free fall 46
§ 2. Vectors 47
§ 3. Projectile motion 52
§ 4. Uniform motion in a circle 24
§ 5. Artificial satellites Earth 55
Key findings 58
Exercises 58
Problems 59
4. DYNAMICS 61
§ 1. Introduction 61
§ 2. Definitions of basic concepts 62
§ 3. Newton's laws 63
§ 4. Units of force and mass 66
§ 5. Contact forces (reaction and friction forces) 67
§ 6. Solving problems 70
§ 7. Atwood machine 73
§ 8. Conical pendulum 74
§ 9. Law of conservation of momentum 75
Key findings 77
Exercises 78
Problems 79
5. GRAVITY 82
§ 1. Law of universal gravitation 82
§ 2. Cavendish experiment 85
§ 3. Kepler's laws for planetary motions 86
§ 4. Weight 88
§ 5. The principle of equivalence 91
§ 6. Gravitational field inside a sphere 92
Key findings 93
Exercises 94
Problems 95
6. WORK AND ENERGY 98
§ 1. Introduction 98
§ 2. Work 98
§ 3. Power 100
§ 4. Scalar product 101
§ 5. Kinetic energy 103
§ 6. Potential energy 105
§ 7. Gravitational potential energy 107
§ 8. Potential energy of a spring 108
Key findings 109
Exercises 109
Problems 111
7. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FROM
§ 1. Conservation of mechanical energy 114
§ 2. Collisions 117
§ 3. Conservation of gravitational energy 120
§ 4. Potential energy diagrams 122
§ 5. Conservation of total energy 123
§ 6. Energy in biology 126
§ 7. Energy and the car 128
Key findings 131
Application. Law of conservation of energy for a system of N particles 131
Exercises 132
Problems 132
8. RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS 136
§ 1. Introduction 136
§ 2. Constancy of the speed of light 137
§ 3. Time dilation 142
§ 4. Lorentz transformations 145
§ 5. Simultaneity 148
§ 6. Optical Doppler effect 149
§ 7. The twin paradox 151
Key findings 154
Exercises 154
Problems 155
9. RELATIVISTIC DYNAMICS 159
§ 1. Relativistic addition speeds 159
§ 2. Definition of relativistic momentum 161
§ 3. Law of conservation of momentum and energy 162
§ 4. Equivalence of mass and energy 164
§ 5. Kinetic energy 166
§ 6. Mass and force 167
§ 7. General theory of relativity 168
Key findings 170
Application. Conversion of energy and momentum 170
Exercises 171
Problems 172
10. ROTATIONAL MOTION 175
§ 1. Kinematics rotational movement 175
§ 2. Vector artwork 176
§ 3. Angular momentum 177
§ 4. Dynamics of rotational motion 179
§ 5. Center of mass 182
§ 6. Solids and moment of inertia 184
§ 7. Statics 187
§ 8. Flywheels 189
Key findings 191
Exercises 191
Problems 192
11. VIBRATIONAL MOTION 196
§ 1. Harmonic force 196
§ 2. Period of oscillation 198
§ 3. Pendulum 200
§ 4. Energy of simple harmonic motion 202
§ 5. Small oscillations 203
§ 6. Sound intensity 206
Key findings 206
Exercises 208
Problems 209
12. KINETIC THEORY 213
§ 1. Pressure and hydrostatics 213
§ 2. Equation of state of an ideal gas 217
§ 3. Temperature 219
§ 4. Uniform distribution of energy 222
§ 5. Kinetic theory heat 224
Key findings 226
Exercises 226
Problems 228
13. THERMODYNAMICS 230
§ 1. The first law of thermodynamics 230
§ 2. Avogadro's conjecture 231
§ 3. Specific heat capacity 232
§ 4. Isothermal expansion 235
§ 5. Adiabatic expansion 236
§ 6. Gasoline engine 238
Key findings 240
Exercises 241
Problems 241
14. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 244
§ 1. Carnot machine 244
§ 2. Thermal pollution environment 246
§ 3. Refrigerators and heat pumps 247
§ 4. Second law of thermodynamics 249
§ 5. Entropy 252
§ 6. Time reversal 256
Key findings 259
Exercises 259
Problems 260
15. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE 262
§ 1. Electric charge 262
§ 2. Coulomb's Law 263
§ 3. Electric field 266
§ 4. Electric power lines 268
§ 5. Gauss's theorem 270
Key findings 275
Exercises 275
Problems 276
16. ELECTROSTATICS 279
§ 1. Spherical charge distribution 279
§ 2. Linear charge distribution 282
§ 3. Plane charge distribution 283
§ 4. Electric potential 286
§ 5. Electric capacity 291
§ 6. Dielectrics 294
Key findings 296
Exercises 297
Problems 299
17. ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MAGNETIC FORCE 302
§ 1. Electric current 302
§ 2. Ohm's law 303
§ 3. DC circuits 306
§ 4. Empirical data on magnetic force 310
§ 5. Derivation of the formula for magnetic force 312
§ 6. Magnetic field 313
§ 7. Units of measurement magnetic field 316
§ 8. Relativistic transformation of quantities *8 and E 318
Key findings 320
Application. Relativistic transformations of current and charge 321
Exercises 322
Problems 323
18. MAGNETIC FIELDS 327
§ 1. Ampere's law 327
§ 2. Some current configurations 329
§ 3. Biot-Savart Law 333
§ 4. Magnetism 336
§ 5. Maxwell's equations for direct currents 339
Key findings 339
Exercises 340
Problems 341
19. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 344
§ 1. Engines and generators 344
§ 2. Faraday's Law 346
§ 3. Lenz's Law 348
§ 4. Inductance 350
§ 5. Magnetic field energy 352
§ 6. AC circuits 355
§ 7. Circuits RC and RL 359
Key findings 362
Application. Freeform contour 363
Exercises 364
Problems 366
20. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND WAVES 369
§ 1. Displacement current 369
§ 2. Maxwell's equations in general form 371
§ 3. Electromagnetic radiation 373
§ 4. Radiation of a plane sinusoidal current 374
§ 5. Non-sinusoidal current; Fourier expansion 377
§ 6. Traveling waves 379
§ 7. Energy transfer by waves 383
Key findings 384
Application. Derivation of the wave equation 385
Exercises 387
Problems 387
21. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 390
§ 1. Radiation energy 390
§ 2. Radiation pulse 393
§ 3. Reflection of radiation from a good conductor 394
§ 4. Interaction of radiation with a dielectric 395
§ 5. Refractive index 396
§ 6. Electromagnetic radiation in an ionized medium 400
§ 7. Radiation field of point charges 401
Key Findings 404
Appendix 1. Method phase diagrams 405
Appendix 2. Wave packets and group velocity 406
Exercises 410
Problems 410
22. WAVE INTERFERENCE 414
§ 1. Standing waves 414
§ 2. Interference of waves emitted by two point sources 417
§3. Interference of waves from large number sources 419
§ 4. Diffraction grating 421
§ 5. Huygens' principle 423
§ 6. Diffraction by a single slit 425
§ 7. Coherence and non-coherence 427
Key findings 430
Exercises 431
Problems 432
23. OPTICS 434
§ 1. Holography 434
§ 2. Polarization of light 438
§ 3. Diffraction by a round hole 443
§ 4. Optical instruments and their resolution 444
§ 5. Diffraction scattering 448
§ 6. Geometric optics 451
Key findings 455
Application. Brewster's Law 455
Exercises 456
Problems 457
24. WAVE NATURE OF MATTER 460
§ 1. Classical and modern physics 460
§ 2. Photoelectric effect 461
§ 3. Compton effect 465
§ 4. Wave-particle duality 465
§ 5. The Great Paradox 466
§ 6. Electron diffraction 470
Key findings 472
Exercises 473
Problems 473
25. QUANTUM MECHANICS 475
§ 1. Wave packets 475
§ 2. The uncertainty principle 477
§ 3. Particle in a box 481
§ 4. Schrödinger equation 485
§ 5. Potential wells of finite depth 486
§ 6. Harmonic oscillator 489
Key findings 491
Exercises 491
Problems 492
26. HYDROGEN ATOM 495
§ 1. Approximate theory of the hydrogen atom 495
§ 2. Schrödinger's equation in three dimensions 496
§ 3. Rigorous theory of the hydrogen atom 498
§ 4. Orbital moment impulse 500
§ 5. Emission of photons 504
§ 6. Stimulated emission 508
§ 7. Bohr model of the atom 509
Key findings 512
Exercises 513
Problems 514
27. ATOMIC PHYSICS 516
§ 1. Pauli's exclusion principle 516
§ 2. Multielectron atoms 517
§ 3. Periodic table elements 521
§ 4. X-ray radiation 525
§ 5. Bonding in molecules 526
§ 6. Hybridization 528
Key findings 531
Exercises 531
Problems 532
28. CONDENSED MATTER 533
§ 1. Types of communication 533
§ 2. Theory of free electrons in metals 536
§ 3. Electrical conductivity 540
§ 4. Band theory of solids 544
§ 5. Physics of semiconductors 550
§ 6. Superfluidity 557
§ 7. Penetration through the barrier 558
Key findings 560
Application. Various applications/?-n-junction (in radio and television) 562
Exercises 564
Problems 566
29. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 568
§ 1. Dimensions of nuclei 568
§ 2. Fundamental forces acting between two nucleons 573
§ 3. Structure of heavy nuclei 576
§ 4. Alpha decay 583
§ 5. Gamma and beta decays 586
§ 6. Nuclear fission 588
§ 7. Synthesis of nuclei 592
Key findings 596
Exercises 597
Problems 597
30. ASTROPHYSICS 600
§ 1. Energy sources of stars 600
§ 2. Evolution of stars 603
§ 3. Quantum mechanical pressure of a degenerate Fermi gas 605
§ 4. White dwarfs 607
§ 6. Black holes 609
§ 7. Neutron stars 611
31. PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 615
§ 1. Introduction 615
§ 2. Fundamental particles 620
§ 3. Fundamental interactions 622
§ 4. Interactions between fundamental particles as an exchange of quanta of the carrier field 623
§ 5. Symmetries in the world of particles and conservation laws 636
§ 6. Quantum electrodynamics as a local gauge theory 629
§ 7. Internal symmetries of hadrons 650
§ 8. Quark model of hadrons 636
§ 9. Color. Quantum Chromodynamics 641
§ 10. Are quarks and gluons “visible”? 650
§ 11. Weak interactions 653
§ 12. Non-conservation of parity 656
§ 13. Intermediate bosons and non-renormalizability of the theory 660
§ 14. Standard model 662
§ 15. New ideas: GUT, supersymmetry, superstrings 674
32. GRAVITY AND COSMOLOGY 678
§ 1. Introduction 678
§ 2. The principle of equivalence 679
§ 3. Metric theories of gravitation 680
§ 4. Structure of the general relativity equations. Simplest solutions 684
§ 5. Verification of the equivalence principle 685
§ 6. How to estimate the scale of effects of general relativity? 687
§ 7. Classical tests of general relativity 688
§ 8. Basic principles of modern cosmology 694
§ 9. Model of the hot Universe (“standard” cosmological model) 703
§ 10. Age of the Universe 705
§eleven. Critical density and Friedman evolution scenarios 705
§ 12. Density of matter in the Universe and hidden mass 708
§ 13. Scenario for the first three minutes of the evolution of the Universe 710
§ 14. Near the very beginning 718
§ 15. Inflation scenario 722
§ 16. The mystery of dark matter 726
APPENDIX A 730
Physical constants 730
Some astronomical information 730
APPENDIX B 731
Basic units of measurement physical quantities 731
Units of measurement of electrical quantities 731
APPENDIX B 732
Geometry 732
Trigonometry 732
Quadratic Equation 732
Some derivatives 733
Some indefinite integrals (up to an arbitrary constant) 733
Products of vectors 733
Greek alphabet 733
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS 734
INDEX 746
Currently, there is practically no field of natural science or technical knowledge, where the achievements of physics would not be used to one degree or another. Moreover, these achievements are increasingly penetrating into traditional humanitarian sciences, which is reflected in the inclusion of the discipline “Concepts of modern natural science” in the curricula of all humanities majors at Russian universities.
The book brought to the attention of the Russian reader by J. Orir was first published in Russia (more precisely, in the USSR) more than a quarter of a century ago, but, as happens with really good books, has not yet lost interest and relevance. The secret of the vitality of Orir's book is that it successfully fills a niche that is invariably in demand by new generations of readers, mainly young ones.
Without being a textbook in the usual sense of the word - and without claims to replace it - Orir's book offers a fairly complete and consistent presentation of the entire course of physics at a very elementary level. This level is not burdened with complex mathematics and, in principle, is accessible to every inquisitive and hardworking schoolchild, and especially to students.
An easy and free style of presentation that does not sacrifice logic and does not avoid difficult questions, a thoughtful selection of illustrations, diagrams and graphs, the use of a large number of examples and problems that, as a rule, have practical significance and correspond to the life experience of students - all this makes Orir’s book an indispensable guide for self-education or additional reading.
Of course, it can be successfully used as a useful addition to ordinary textbooks and manuals on physics, primarily in physics and mathematics classes, lyceums and colleges. Orir's book can also be recommended to junior students of higher education. educational institutions, in which physics is not a major discipline.
With the Virtual Academy, studying physics is easier and more interesting
The site contains more than a hundred physics lessons for grades 7,8,9,10 and 11 secondary schools who work according to Peryshkin’s textbooks. All online lessons conducted by highly qualified experienced teachers who have managed to develop their own methods distance learning. Thanks to simple and accessible explanations, as well as a number of visual examples, students can easily understand what force, pressure, work, magnetic field or electricity.Study well with video lessons from the Virtual Academy
Physics is not just a discipline where you need to know certain concepts and formulas, but also a set laboratory work, which are always very difficult for schoolchildren to cope with. On practical exercises offered as part of video lessons on physics, the child will be able to clearly see all the laws and their application in real life. The Archimedean force and the floating of bodies are very easily and colorfully illustrated.Video lessons will also help to systematize what you learned during educational process knowledge and skills and prepare for the Unified State Exam and the Unified State Exam. This will significantly save the time of the student, who already faces a lot of tasks. In addition, this will allow you to avoid spending extra money on tutors.
The Virtual Academy not only provides knowledge, but also helps save the family budget.
