In the 12th century, the state of the Mongols expanded, their military art improved. The main occupation was cattle breeding, they bred mainly horses and sheep, they did not know agriculture. They lived in felt tents-yurts, they were easy to transport during long-distance wanderings. Every adult Mongol was a warrior, from childhood he sat in the saddle and wielded weapons. Cowardly, unreliable, he did not fall into the warriors, he became an outcast.
In 1206, at the congress of the Mongol nobility, Temujin was proclaimed the great khan with the name Genghis Khan.
The Mongols managed to unite hundreds of tribes under their rule, which allowed them to use alien human material in the troops during the war. They conquered East Asia (Kyrgyz, Buryats, Yakuts, Uighurs), the Tangut kingdom (southwest of Mongolia), Northern China, Korea and Central Asia (the largest Central Asian state of Khorezm, Samarkand, Bukhara). As a result, by the end of the 13th century, the Mongols owned half of Eurasia.
In 1223, the Mongols crossed the Caucasus Range and invaded the Polovtsian lands. The Polovtsy turned to the Russian princes for help, because. Russians and Polovtsy traded with each other, entered into marriages. The Russians responded, and on the Kalka River on June 16, 1223, the first battle of the Mongol-Tatars with the Russian princes took place. The army of the Mongol-Tatars was reconnaissance, small, i.e. the Mongol-Tatars had to scout out what kind of lands lie ahead. The Russians came just to fight, they had little idea what kind of enemy was in front of them. Before the Polovtsian request for help, they had not even heard of the Mongols.
The battle ended with the defeat of the Russian troops due to the betrayal of the Polovtsy (they fled from the very beginning of the battle), and also due to the fact that the Russian princes failed to combine their forces, underestimated the enemy. The Mongols offered the princes to surrender, promising to save their lives and release them for a ransom. When the princes agreed, the Mongols tied them up, put boards on them, and sitting on top, began to feast on the victory. Russian soldiers, left without leaders, were killed.
The Mongol-Tatars retreated to the Horde, but returned in 1237, already knowing what kind of enemy was in front of them. Batu Khan (Batu), the grandson of Genghis Khan, brought with him a huge army. They preferred to attack the most powerful Russian principalities - Ryazan and Vladimir. They defeated and subjugated them, and in the next two years - all of Russia. After 1240, only one land remained independent - Novgorod, because. Batu had already achieved his main goals, it made no sense to lose people near Novgorod.
The Russian princes could not unite, so they were defeated, although, according to scientists, Batu lost half of his troops in the Russian lands. He occupied Russian lands, offered to recognize his authority and pay tribute, the so-called "exit". At first, it was collected "in kind" and made up 1/10 of the crop, and then it was transferred to money.
The Mongols established in Russia a yoke-system of total suppression of national life in the occupied territories. In this form, the Tatar Mongolian yoke lasted 10 years, after which Prince Alexander Nevsky proposed a new relationship to the Horde: the Russian princes entered the service of the Mongol Khan, were obliged to collect tribute, take it to the Horde and receive a label for a great reign there - a leather belt. At the same time, the prince who paid more received the label for reigning. This order was provided by the Baskaks - the Mongol commanders, who with the army bypassed the Russian lands and monitored whether the tribute was being collected correctly.
It was the time of the vassalage of the Russian princes, but thanks to the act of Alexander Nevsky, the Orthodox Church was preserved, the raids stopped.
In the 60s of the 14th century, the Golden Horde split into two warring parts, the border between which was the Volga. In the left-bank Horde there were constant strife with the change of rulers. In the right-bank Horde, Mamai became the ruler.
The beginning of the struggle for liberation from the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia is associated with the name of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1378, sensing the weakening of the Horde, he refused to pay tribute and killed all the Baskaks. In 1380, the commander Mamai went with the entire Horde to the Russian lands, and a battle took place on the Kulikovo field with Dmitry Donskoy.
Mamai had 300 thousand "sabers", and since. the Mongols had almost no infantry, he hired the best Italian (Genoese) infantry. Dmitry Donskoy had 160 thousand people, of which only 5 thousand were professional soldiers. The main weapons of the Russians were clubs bound with metal and wooden horns.
So, the battle with the Mongol-Tatars was suicide for the Russian army, but still the Russians had a chance.
Dmitry Donskoy crossed the Don on the night of September 7 to 8, 1380 and burned the crossing, there was nowhere to retreat. It remained to win or die. In the forest, he hid 5 thousand combatants, behind his troops. The role of the squad was to save the Russian army from being bypassed from the rear.
The battle lasted one day, during which the Mongol-Tatars trampled the Russian army. Then Dmitry Donskoy ordered the ambush regiment to leave the forest. The Mongol-Tatars decided that the main Russian forces were coming and, without waiting for everyone to leave, turned and began to run, trampling the Genoese infantry. The battle turned into a pursuit of a fleeing enemy.
Two years later, a new Horde came with Khan Tokhtamysh. He captured Moscow, Mozhaisk, Dmitrov, Pereyaslavl. Moscow had to resume paying tribute, but the Battle of Kulikovo was a turning point in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars, because. dependence on the Horde was now weaker.
After 100 years in 1480, the great-grandson of Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde.
Khan of the Horde Ahmed came out with a large army against Russia, wanting to punish the recalcitrant prince. He approached the border of the Moscow principality, to the Ugra River, a tributary of the Oka. Ivan III also approached there. Since the forces turned out to be equal, they stood on the Ugra River in spring, summer and autumn. Fearing the impending winter, the Mongol-Tatars left for the Horde. This was the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, because. the defeat of Akhmed meant the collapse of the power of Batu and the acquisition of independence by the Russian state. The Tatar-Mongol yoke lasted 240 years.

Today we will talk about a very “slippery” topic from the point of view of modern history and science, but no less interesting topic.

Here is a question raised in the May table of ihoraksjuta orders “Now let’s move on, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don’t remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these were all the consequences of the baptism of Russia, the bearers of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want to, well, as usual, with a sword and blood, remember the cross trips, can you tell me more about this period?”

Disputes about the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably never will. Under the influence of numerous critics, including Gumilyov's supporters, new ones began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Interesting Facts Mongolian yoke that would like to be developed. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the 13th century, Russia was invaded by the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular China and Central Asia, which they had already captured by this time. The dates are exactly known to our Russian historians: 1223 - the Battle of the Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kyiv. Tatar-Mongolian troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. The military power of the Tatars was so irresistible that their dominance lasted for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde with money and blood. In 1380, for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan, Russia gathered forces and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated the temnik Mamai, but from this defeat all the Tatars - the Mongols did not happen at all, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history suggests that there were practically no Tatar-Mongol in Mamai's army, only local nomads and Genoese mercenaries from the Don. By the way, the participation of the Genoese, suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to add, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to an already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions on the number of nomadic Tatars - Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist today:

Let's start with a very interesting fact. Such a nationality as the Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. The Mongols and Tatars are related only by the fact that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is quite large to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect in one territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, called from time immemorial in Russia Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. At that time in Europe they were called Tatars, or TatAriyev (the strongest of the nomadic tribes, inflexible and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tutukulyut Tatars, Alchi Tatars, Chagan Tatars, Kuin Tatars, Terat Tatars, Barkui Tatars. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more in tune with the Mongolian names.

Two related peoples - the Tatars and the Mongols - waged a war for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan seized power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was sealed. Since the Tatars were the murderers of the father of Genghis Khan, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general slaughter of the Tatars and not to leave not one of them alive to the limit that is determined by law (Yasak); that the women and little children should also be slaughtered, and that the wombs of the pregnant women should be cut open in order to completely destroy them. …”.

That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to call all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, TatAriy or simply in Latin TatArie.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and Tartary Ortelius.

One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years, the so-called “Mongol-Tatar yoke” existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of the modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion led by the legendary Batu Khan.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

First of all, even in the canonical version, the fact of the conquest of the northeastern Old Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders is not directly confirmed - supposedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde (a state formation that occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded Mongol prince Batu). They say that the army of Batu Khan made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go “under the arm” of Batu and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Batu Khan consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the newly conquered people.

There is indirect evidence of the existence of Batu's letter to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the all-powerful khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take his son to raise him and make him a real warrior and commander.

Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their disobedient children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

Due to all these inconsistencies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future” (“Olma-Press”) puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and the middle of the 13th century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when the Mongols at the head of nomadic tribes (later called Tatars) went to the northeastern ancient Russian principalities, they really entered into quite bloody military clashes with them. But only a crushing victory for Batu Khan did not work out, most likely, the matter ended in a kind of “combat draw”. And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and Tatar mothers frightened their children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

All these terrible stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were composed much later, when the Moscow tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in the modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army from nomadic peoples, and subjecting them to strict discipline, decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Russia. In the winter of 1237, the army of the "Mongol-Tatars" invaded the territory of Russia, and later defeating the Russian army on the Kalka River, went further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task, turns back. From this period begins the so-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke» over Russia.

But wait, they were going to take over the world...so why didn't they go further? Historians answered that they were afraid of an attack from the back, defeated and plundered, but still strong Russia. But this is just ridiculous. A plundered state, will it run to protect other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops in order to fully fight back.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the Romanov dynasty, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the "Horde times" disappear. For example, "The Word about the destruction of the Russian land", historians believe that this is a document from which everything that would testify to the Yoke was carefully removed. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "trouble" that befell Russia. But there is not a word about the "invasion of the Mongols."

There are many more oddities. In the story “About the Evil Tatars”, a Khan from the Golden Horde orders the execution of a Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to bow to the “pagan god of the Slavs!” And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example, such: “Well, with God!” - said the Khan and, crossing himself, galloped at the enemy.
So what really happened?

At that time, the “new faith” was already flourishing in Europe, namely Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything, from the way of life and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against the Gentiles were still relevant, but along with military methods, “tactical tricks” were often used, akin to bribing powerful persons and inclining them to their faith. And after receiving power through a purchased person, the conversion of all his “subordinates” to the faith. It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out against Russia. Through bribery and other promises, church ministers were able to seize power over Kyiv and nearby areas. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Russia took place, but history is silent about civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

« And the Vorogs came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to instill in us an alien faith, Showering the Russian princes with gold and silver, bribing their will, and misleading the true path. They promised them an idle life, full of wealth and happiness, and the remission of any sins, for their dashing deeds.

And then Ros broke up into different states. The Russian clans retreated to the north to the great Asgard, And they named their state by the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister of Light. (They called her Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria also did not bow before the enemies, and did not accept their alien faith as their own.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with Tartaria. They began to conquer the Russian land with fire and sword and impose their alien faith. And then the army rose up, for a fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to the Warriors in order to restore order to the Russian Lands.

And so the war began, in which the Russian army, the land of the Great Aria (tatAria) defeated the enemy, and drove him out of the primordially Slavic lands. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is spelled Old Slavonic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which the Princes reigned locally, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN (our protector).
It means that there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity of the Great Aria or Tartaria. By the way, in modern history there is also confirmation of this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely pay attention, and very close:

The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the beginning of the 60s of the XIII century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the XIII-XV centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in the lands that were not devastated. In North-Eastern Russia it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skillful management of the campaign and courage in battle. (Wikipedia)

Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the midst of the invasion of the "Mongol-Tatars" into Russia? Blazing in fires and plundered by the Mongols, Russia is attacked by the Swedish army, which is safely drowning in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time, the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the Russians, who defeated the strong Swedish army, lose to the “Mongols”? In my opinion, it's just Brad. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavonic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

From 1237 Rat Great Tartaria began to win back their ancestral lands, and when the war was coming to an end, the representatives of the church, who were losing ground, asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were launched into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army of the Horde (that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) clashed in battle with the army of the Crusaders that came to the rescue of their henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of the Neva prince and remained to reign in Novgorod, and the Horde Army went further to drive the adversary from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted the “church and alien faith” until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again left not the north. By setting 300 years of peace.

Again, confirmation of this is the so-called end of the Yoke. Battle of Kulikovo"Before which 2 knights Peresvet and Chelubey participated in the match. Two Russian knights, Andrei Peresvet (superior to the world) and Chelubey (beating, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was the loss of Chelubey that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, restored with the money of all the same "Churchmen", who nevertheless penetrated into Russia from under the floor, albeit more than 150 years later. This is later, when all of Russia will plunge into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the coming to power of the Romanov family, many documents will take on the form we know.

By the way, this is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands and expels the Gentiles from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason, no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which traveled half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by an army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could be. These are just our territories that originally belonged to the Slavs, and where, to this day, they find the remains of the Etruscan civilization .

The Macedonian army was pushed back by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs “for the first time” went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe."

So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. The Europeans, trembling with fear and horror, did not stop being afraid of the Rusichs, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Russia would rise and shine again with its former strength.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academicians-historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russians (including M.V. Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. So it turns out that the history of Ancient Russia was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Russia, and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Russia were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that the works of Lomonosov published by Miller on the history of Russia are a falsification. Little is left of Lomonosov's works.

This concept can be found on the Omsk State University website:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

Let us pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
data. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and inspired to us since childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the highlights in the history of ancient Russia is so
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Russia, swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.

But if Russia had been conquered in the XIII century with any
was from the side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the west, as Morozov believed, they should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they were supposed to go
conquerors.

Of course, in the school courses of Russian history, we are strenuously
they convince that the Cossack troops allegedly arose only in the 17th century,
allegedly due to the fact that the serfs fled from the power of the landowners to
Don. However, it is known - although textbooks do not usually mention this,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed IN
XVI century, had its own laws and history.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks refers to
to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. See, for example, Sukhorukov's work<>in DON magazine, 1989.

In this way,<>Wherever she comes from,
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THERE WAS NO CONQUEST OF RUSSIA. THE HORDE DID NOT FIGHT WITH THE COSSACKS THAT
COSSACKS WERE A PART OF THE HORDE. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly substantiated,
for example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.

BUT WE ARE APPROVING SOMETHING MORE.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossacks
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the HORDE - IT WAS
JUST A REGULAR RUSSIAN ARMY.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms ARMY and VOIN,
- Church Slavonic in origin, - were not Old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan

Then the terminology changed. Incidentally, in the 19th century
Russian folk proverbs<>and<>were
interchangeable. This is evident from the many examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>etc.

There is still the famous city of Semikarakorum on the Don, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that the Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF GENGHIS KHAN. At the same time, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still stubbornly looking for Karakoram, no
For some reason there is no Karakorum.

Desperately, they hypothesized that<>. This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital of Karakoram was entirely placed on
territory subsequently occupied by this monastery.

According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Russia from the outside, but there is just an Eastern Russian regular
army, which was an integral part of the Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is this.

1) <>IT WAS JUST A MILITARY PERIOD
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS RUSSIA
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = KING, A B
THE CITIES WERE CIVIL GOVERNORS - PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED
WERE TO COLLECT TRIBUTE IN FAVOR OF THIS RUSSIAN TROOP, ON ITS
CONTENT.

3) THUS, THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE PRESENTS
A UNIFIED EMPIRE IN WHICH THERE WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT
OF THEIR REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS HAVE ALREADY ENTERED
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDE EMPIRE HAD EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. ITS STORY ENDED WITH THE FAMOUS GREAT
TROUBLES IN RUSSIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF THE CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE TSARS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, - WERE PHYSICALLY EXTERMINATED. A FORMER RUSSIAN
THE ARMY-HORDE ACTUALLY DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>. RESULTS
NEW PRO-WESTERN ROMANOV DYNASTY. SHE TAKE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN HORDE HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THAT'S WHY
THE ROMANOVS NEEDED TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. HAVE TO TELL THEM - IT WAS DONE
COMPETENTLY. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN SUBSTANCE, THEY COULD
UNRECOGNIZABILITY TO DISTORT THE WHOLE RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO, PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF RUSSIA-HORDA WITH ITS ESTATE OF FARMERS AND MILITARY
ESTATE - HORDE, WAS ANNOUNCED BY THEM AN AGE<>. AT THE SAME TIME, YOUR OWN RUSSIAN HORDE-ARMY
TURNED, - UNDER THE PEN OF ROMANOV HISTORIANS, - INTO MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

notorious<>, familiar to us from Romanovsky
storytelling was just STATE TAX inside
Russia for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. famous<>, - every tenth person taken into the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like conscription into the army, but only
since childhood - and for life.

Further, the so-called<>, in our opinion,
were simply punitive expeditions to those Russian regions,
who, for some reason, refused to pay tribute =
state tax. Then regular troops punished
civil rioters.

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justification, which have already been described quite extensively, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: Prince and Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of a "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the position of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “ Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk tale that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide).

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. In the next image - "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia that was not").

5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds ...” (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is announced as "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Christian Orthodox Faith!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

More opinions:

The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999-2010), doctor of political sciences Nazif Mirikhanov spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. “Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors.”

"In fact, Russian empire, and then the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Genghis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as they have already done in China,” Mirikhanov continued. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars frightened Europe so much in their time that the rulers of Russia, who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice.”

The result was summed up by Izmailov:

“The historical period, which is commonly called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is ordinary feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: disparate principalities could not afford such construction, but only an actual confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or the Ulus of Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars.

In our time, there are several alternative versions of the medieval history of Russia (Kyiv, Rostov-Suzdal, Moscow). Each of them has the right to exist, since the official course of history is practically not confirmed by anything other than "copies" of documents that once existed. One of these events in Russian history is the yoke of the Tatar-Mongol in Russia. Let's try to consider what it is Tatar-Mongol yoke - historical fact or fiction.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke was

The generally accepted and literally laid out version, known to everyone from school textbooks and being the truth for the whole world, is “For 250 years Russia was ruled by wild tribes. Russia is backward and weak - it could not cope with the savages for so many years.

The concept of "yoke" appeared at the time of Russia's entry into the European path of development. To become an equal partner for the countries of Europe, it was necessary to prove one’s “Europeanism”, and not “wild Siberian east”, while recognizing one’s backwardness and the formation of the state only in the 9th century with the help of the European Rurik.

The version of the presence of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke is confirmed only by numerous fiction and popular literature, including the “Tale of the Mamaev Battle” and all the works of the Kulikovo cycle based on it, which have many options.

One of these works - "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" - refers to the Kulikovo cycle, does not contain the words "Mongol", "Tatar", "yoke", "invasion", there is only a story about the "trouble" for the Russian land.

The most surprising thing is that the later the historical “document” is written, the more details it acquires. The fewer living witnesses, the more details are described.

There is no factual material 100% confirming the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

There was no Tatar-Mongol yoke

This development of events is not recognized by official historians not only all over the world, but also in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space. The factors on which researchers who disagree with the existence of the yoke rely are the following:

• the version of the presence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke appeared in the XVIII century and, despite numerous studies of many generations of historians, has not undergone significant changes. It is illogical, in everything there must be development and movement forward - with the development of the possibilities of researchers, the actual material must change;
• there are no Mongolian words in the Russian language - many studies have been carried out, including by Professor V.A. Chudinov;
• practically nothing has been found on the Kulikovo field over many decades of searching. The place of the battle itself is not clearly established;
• the complete absence of folklore about the heroic past and the great Genghis Khan in modern Mongolia. Everything that has been written in our time is based on information from Soviet history textbooks;
• great in the past, Mongolia is still a cattle-breeding country, which has practically stopped in its development;
• the complete absence in Mongolia of a gigantic amount of trophies from most of the “conquered” Eurasia;
• even those sources recognized by official historians describe Genghis Khan as "a tall warrior, with white skin and blue eyes, a thick beard and reddish hair" - a clear description of a Slav;
• the word "horde", if read in ancient Slavic letters, means "order";
• Genghis Khan - the title of commander of the troops of Tartaria;
• "Khan" - protector;
• prince - governor appointed by the khan in the province;
• tribute - the usual taxation, as in any state in our time;
• on the images of all icons and engravings related to the struggle against the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the opposing warriors are depicted in the same way. Even their banners are similar. This rather speaks of a civil war within one state than a war between states with different cultures and, accordingly, differently armed warriors;
• numerous genetic examinations and visual appearance speak of the complete absence of Mongolian blood in Russian people. It is obvious that Russia was captured for 250-300 years by a horde of thousands of castrated monks, who also took a vow of celibacy;

• there are no handwritten confirmations of the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the languages ​​of the invaders. Everything that is considered documents of this period is written in Russian;

• for the rapid movement of an army of 500 thousand people (the figure of traditional historians), spare (clockwork) horses are needed, on which riders are transplanted at least once a day. Each simple rider should have clockwork horses from 2 to 3. For the rich, the number of horses is calculated in herds. In addition, many thousands of convoy horses with food for people and weapons, bivouac equipment (yurts, boilers, etc.). For the simultaneous feeding of such a number of animals, there will not be enough grass in the steppes for hundreds of kilometers in a radius. For a given territory, such a number of horses is comparable to the invasion of locusts, which leaves a void. And the horses still need to be watered somewhere, and every day. To feed the warriors, many thousands of sheep are needed, which move much more slowly than horses, but eat grass to the ground. All this accumulation of animals will sooner or later begin to die of hunger. An invasion on such a scale of cavalry troops from the regions of Mongolia to Russia is simply impossible.

What happened

To figure out what the Tatar-Mongol yoke is - is it a historical fact or fiction, researchers are forced to look for miraculously preserved sources of alternative information about the history of Russia. The remaining, inconvenient artifacts say the following:

• by bribery and various promises, including unlimited power, Western "baptists" reached the consent of the ruling circles of Kievan Rus to introduce Christianity;
• the destruction of the Vedic worldview and the baptism of Kievan Rus (a province that broke away from Great Tartaria) with “fire and sword” (one of the crusades, allegedly to Palestine) - “Vladimir baptized with a sword, and Dobrynya with fire” - 9 million people died out of 12 who lived at that time on the territory of the principality (almost the entire adult population). Out of 300 cities, 30 remained;
• all the destruction and victims of baptism are attributed to the Tatar-Mongols;
• everything that is called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" is the retaliatory actions of the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartaria - Mogul (Grand) Tartar) on the return of the provinces that were invaded and Christianized;
• the period of time that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" fell on is the period of peace and prosperity of Russia;
• the destruction by all available methods of chronicles and other documents relating to the Middle Ages throughout the world and, in particular, in Russia: libraries with original documents were burned, “copies” were preserved. In Russia, several times, on the orders of the Romanovs and their "historiographers", the chronicles were collected "for rewriting", after which they disappeared;
• all geographic Maps, published before 1772 and not corrected, call the western part of Russia Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria. The rest of the former Soviet Union(without Ukraine and Belarus) is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire;
• 1771 - the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica: "Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia ...". From subsequent editions of the encyclopedia, this phrase was removed.

In the age of information technology, hiding data is not easy. Official history does not recognize fundamental changes, therefore, what is the Tatar-Mongol yoke - a historical fact or fiction, which version of history to believe in - you need to determine for yourself. We must not forget that history is written by the winner.

History of the USSR. Short course Shestakov Andrey Vasilievich

12. The Mongols-conquerors and the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Mongols in the 12th century. The Mongols were pastoral nomads. They lived in what is now the Mongolian People's Republic.

In the XII century, the Mongols were divided into large warlike tribes led by khans. The khans had a lot of cattle and pastures. Subject tribes paid tribute to the khans. Khans fought with each other and with their neighbors because of tribute, because of pastures.

At the beginning of the 13th century, a talented commander Genghis Khan rose among the Mongol khans. He gathered a huge army from different tribes and subjugated the eastern Turkic-Mongolian peoples.

Like a hurricane, the cavalry of Genghis Khan rushed to the enemies. Genghis Khan burned the wooden walls of the fortresses with clay grenades filled with oil. He smashed stone walls with big machines. Nothing could stop a hundred onslaught.

The conquest of Central Asia and the Caucasus by Genghis Khan. Having conquered Northern China, Genghis Khan moved his troops to Central Asia and conquered it.

From Central Asia, rounding the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, the troops of Genghis Khan went to the Caucasus and conquered Armenia and Georgia. In Georgia, the Mongols met strong resistance. Georgia at that time was a more powerful state than Armenia. The Georgians fought bravely, but the Mongols defeated them and imposed a heavy tribute on Georgia and Armenia. For hundreds of years, Central Asia and the peoples of Transcaucasia remained under the rule of the Mongols.

Mongolian cavalry on the march.

Khan Batu and his conquest of Russian principalities. Having conquered all the peoples of the Caucasus, the Mongolian army in 1223 year on the Kalka River, she defeated the combined forces of the Slavic princes and Polovtsy. With rich booty, the Mongols went to their Asia.

After 13 years, the Mongols reappeared on the Volga. Khan was at their head. Batu- grandson of the deceased Genghis Khan. This time the Mongols attacked the Russians from the east. Batu defeated the kingdom of the Volga Bulgarians and the Mordovians, then one by one killed the troops of the Russian princes, in 1240 took Kyiv and went to Western Europe. Having received a rebuff from the Czechs, Batu turned back and founded his own state in the lower reaches of the Volga - the Golden Horde with the capital Saray. It was a rich city with stone palaces, gardens, and a mint. The Khan of the Golden Horde became the ruler of the lands he conquered. The princes remained in their places, but were subordinate to the khan.

In favor of the Khan, the Tatar-Mongols collected tribute from the population. To collect tribute, governors of the khan with military detachments were placed in the cities. When collecting tribute, no one was spared.

“... whoever has no money, he will take from that child;

whoever does not have a child, he will take a wife from him;

whoever does not have a wife, he will take with his head "

(that is, he will take him prisoner and sell him into slavery). So it was said in the folk song.

Since uprisings were constantly raised against the Tatars - tribute collectors, the khans of the Golden Horde then transferred the collection of tribute to the Russian princes themselves.

Thus began the Tatar, or rather, the Tatar-Mongolian yoke.

Khan Baty.

From the book Russia and the Horde. great empire middle ages author

7.4. Fourth period: the Tatar-Mongol yoke from the battle on the City (1238) to "standing on the Ugra" (1481) - the official end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia KHAN BATY from 1238 YAROSLAV VSEVOLODOVICH, 1238–1248, ruled 10 years, capital - Vladimir .came from Novgorod, p. 70. According to,

author

From the book Book 1. New Chronology of Russia [Russian Chronicles. "Mongol-Tatar" conquest. Kulikovo battle. Ivan the Terrible. Razin. Pugachev. Defeat of Tobolsk and author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

7.4. Fourth period: the Tatar-Mongol yoke from the battle on the City in 1238 to "standing on the Ugra" in 1481, which is considered today the "official end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke" KHAN BATY from 1238. YAROSLAV VSEVOLODOVYCH 1238–1248, ruled 10 years, capital - Vladimir. Came from Novgorod

From the book New Chronology and the Concept of the Ancient History of Russia, England and Rome author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

4 period: Tatar-Mongol yoke from the battle on the City in 1237 to "standing on the Ugra" in 1481, which is considered today the "official end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke" Khan Batu from 1238 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich 1238–1248 (10), capital - Vladimir, came from Novgorod (, p. 70). By: 1238–1247 (8). By

From the book Gumilev son of Gumilev author Belyakov Sergey Stanislavovich

THE TATAR-MONGOLIAN YOKE But, perhaps, the victims were justified, and the "alliance with the Horde" saved the Russian land from the worst misfortune, from the insidious papal prelates, from the merciless dog-knights, from the enslavement not only of the physical, but also of the spiritual? Maybe Gumilyov is right, and Tatar help

There was no Kievan Rus from the book, or What historians hide author Kungurov Alexey Anatolievich

Who invented the Tatar-Mongol yoke? The official version of ancient Russian history, composed by Germans sent to Petersburg from abroad, is built according to the following scheme: a single Russian state, created by newcomer Varangians, crystallizes around Kyiv and

From the book of 50 famous mysteries of the Middle Ages author Zgurskaya Maria Pavlovna

So was there a Tatar-Mongolian yoke in Russia? A passing Tatar. Hell will truly embrace them. (Passes.) From the parody theatrical play by Ivan Maslov "Elder Pafnutiy", 1867. The traditional version of the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia, the "Tatar-Mongol yoke", and

From the book Battle on the Ice and other "myths" of Russian history author Bychkov Alexey Alexandrovich

Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia According to the official version, the first raid of the Mongol troops on Russia took place in 1222-! 223 AD "Western lands" were considered by the Mongols as a territory of potential expansion of their possessions. The second son and heir of Jochi - Batu -

There was no Kievan Rus from the book. What historians are silent about author Kungurov Alexey Anatolievich

Who invented the Tatar-Mongol yoke? The official version of ancient Russian history, composed by Germans sent to Petersburg from abroad, is built according to the following scheme: a single Russian state, created by newcomer Varangians, crystallizes around Kyiv and

From the book A Brief Course on the History of Belarus in the 9th-21st centuries author Taras Anatoly Efimovich

Tatar-Mongols At the end of 1237, the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Varangian Russia began, followed by 240 years of the so-called "Tatar yoke." Tatars are one of the Mongol tribes. The Chinese were the first to call all the Mongols Tatars. In Europe, the word has taken root

From the book Millennium of Russia. Secrets of the Rurik House author Podvolotsky Andrey Anatolievich

Chapter 13. HOW THE TATAR-MONGOLIAN YOKE FALLED ... On August 18, 1700, an “extraordinary firework” was burned in Moscow: Tsar Peter Alekseevich celebrated the Turkish peace, the acquisition of Azov and the elimination of the obligation to send “commemoration” to the Crimea! How did it happen that Moscow state

From the book Crimea. Great historical guide author Delnov Alexey Alexandrovich

From the book The Road Home author Zhikarentsev Vladimir Vasilievich

From the book Donbass: Russia and Ukraine. History essays author Buntovsky Sergey Yurievich

Tatar-Mongols At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongolian state was formed in Central Asia. By the name of one of the tribes, these peoples were also called Tatars. Subsequently, all these nomadic peoples, with whom Russia fought, began to be called Mongolo-Tatars. In 1236

From the book Turks or Mongols? The era of Genghis Khan author Olovintsov Anatoly Grigorievich

Chapter X "Tatar-Mongol yoke" - as it was The so-called yoke of the Tatars did not exist. The Tatars never occupied Russian lands and did not keep their garrisons there ... It is difficult to find parallels in history to such generosity of the winners. B. Ishboldin, honorary professor

From the book Russian History. Part I the author Vorobyov M N

TATAR-MONGOLIAN INVASION 1. - The results of the pre-Mongolian period. 2. - The emergence of the Mongols and the conquest of China. 3. - Battle on the Kalka River. 4. - Ulus Jochi. 5. - Tatar invasion. 6. - The second invasion of the Tatars. 7. - Establishing a yoke. 8. - Alexander Nevsky and the Tatars. 9. -

The possession of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke in Russia began in 1237. Great Russia collapsed, and the formation of the Moscow state began.

Under the Tatar-Mongol yoke they mean a cruel period of rule in which Russia was subordinate to the Golden Horde. The Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia was able to hold out for almost two and a half millennia. When asked how long the arbitrariness of the Horde in Russia lasted, history answers 240 years.

The events that took place during this period were very strongly reflected in the formation of Russia. Therefore, this topic was and remains relevant to this day. The Mongol-Tatar yoke is associated with the cruelest events of the 13th century. These were wild extortions of the population, the destruction of entire cities and thousands and thousands of deaths.

The board of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke is formed by two peoples: the dynasty of the Mongols and the nomadic tribes of the Tartars. The vast majority, however, were precisely the Tatars. In 1206, a meeting of the upper Mongolian estates took place, at which the leader of the Mongolian tribe Temujin was elected. It was decided to begin the era of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke. They named the leader Genghis Khan (Great Khan). The ability of the reign of Genghis Khan proved to be magnificent. He managed to rally all the nomadic peoples and form the prerequisites for the development of the cultural and economic development of the country.

Military distributions of the Tatar-Mongols

Genghis Khan created a very strong, warlike and rich state. His warriors had surprisingly very hardy qualities, they could spend the winter in their yurt, in the middle of snow and winds. They had a thin build and a thin beard. They shot accurately and were excellent riders. During attacks on states, he had punishments for cowards. In the case of an escape from the battlefield of one fighter, the entire ten were subjected to execution. If a dozen leaves the battle, then the hundred to which she belonged are shot.

Mongolian feudal lords closed a tight ring around the Great Khan. By raising him to the leadership, they planned to get a lot of wealth and jewelry. Only unleashed war and uncontrolled robbery of the conquered countries could lead them to the desired goal. Soon, after the creation of the Mongolian state, aggressive campaigns began to bring the expected results. The robbery continued for about two centuries. The Mongol-Tatars longed to rule the whole world and own all the riches.

Conquest campaigns of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke

• In 1207, the Mongols enriched themselves with large volumes of metal and valuable rocks. Having attacked the tribes located to the north of the Selenga and in the Yenisei valley. This fact makes it possible to explain the emergence and expansion of weapons property.
• Also in 1207, the Tangut state from Central Asia was attacked. Tanguts began to pay tribute to the Mongols.
• 1209 year. They were in the seizure and robbery of the land of the Khigurs (Turkestan).
• 1211. There was a grandiose defeat of China. The armies of the emperors were routed in a crash. The state was plundered and left devastation.
• Date 1219-1221 the states of Central Asia were destroyed. The result of this three-year war was no different from the previous campaigns of the Tatars. The states were defeated and plundered, the Mongols took talented artisans with them. Leaving behind only burned houses and poor people.
• By 1227, vast territories in the east of the Pacific Ocean to the west of the Caspian Sea passed into the possession of the Mongol feudal lords.

The consequences of the Tatar-Mongol invasion are the same. Thousands of dead and the same number of enslaved people. Destroyed and plundered countries, which need to be restored for a very, very long time. By the time the Tatar-Mongol yoke approached the borders of Russia, its army was extremely numerous, gained experience in combat, endurance and the necessary weapons.

Mongol conquests

Mongol invasion of Russia

The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia has long been considered 1223. Then the experienced army of the Great Khan came close to the borders of the Dnieper. At that time, the Polovtsy provided assistance, since the principality in Russia was in dispute and disagreement, the defensive capabilities were significantly reduced.

• Battle on the Kalka River. May 31, 1223. Mongolian army numbering 30 thousand broke through the Polovtsy, and faced the army of Russia. The first and only ones who took the blow were the princely troops of Mstislav the Udaly, who had every chance to break through the dense chain of the Mongols-Tatars. But he did not wait for support from other princes. As a result, Mstislav died, surrendering to the enemy. The Mongols received a lot of valuable military information from captured Russians. There were very big losses. But the onslaught of the enemy was still held back for a long time.
• The beginning of the invasion December 16, 1237. The first on the way was Ryazan. At that time, the death of Genghis Khan occurred, and his place was taken by his grandson, Batu. The army under the command of Batu was no less fierce. They swept away and plundered everything and everyone who met them along the way. The invasion was targeted and carefully planned, so the Mongols quickly penetrated deep into the country. The city of Ryazan held out for five days under siege. Despite the fact that the city was surrounded by strong high walls, under the onslaught of enemy weapons, the walls of the city fell. The Tatar-Mongol yoke robbed and killed the people for ten days.
• Battle near Kolomna. Further, Batu's army began to move towards Kolomna. On the way, they met an army of 1,700 people, subordinate to Evpatiy Kolovrat. And despite the fact that the Mongols outnumbered the army of Evpatiy many times over, he did not chicken out and repulsed the enemy with all his might. As a result, causing significant damage to him. The army of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke continued to move and set off along the Moscow River, to the city of Moscow, which lasted five days in a siege. At the end of the battle, the city was burned, and most of the people were killed. You should know that before getting to the city of Vladimir, the Tatar-Mongols conducted defensive operations all the way against the hidden Russian squad. They had to be very attentive and always be ready for a new battle. On the road, there were many battles and skirmishes with the Russians.
• The Grand Duke of Vladimir, Yuri Vsevolodovich, did not respond to requests for help from the Ryazan prince. But then he himself was under threat of attack. The prince competently disposed of the time that was between the Ryazan battle and Vladimir. He gathered a large army and armed it. It was decided to determine the city of Kolomna as the place of the battle. On February 4, 1238, the plan of Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich began to be implemented.
• It was the most grandiose battle in terms of the number of troops and the hot battle of the Tatar-Mongols and Russians. But he was also lost. The number of Mongols still significantly exceeded. The Tatar-Mongolian invasion of this city lasted exactly a month. Ending on March 4, 1238, the Russians were defeated and also plundered. The prince fell in a heavy battle, inflicting a great deportation on the Mongols. Vladimir became the last of the fourteen cities conquered by the Mongols in North-Eastern Russia.
• In 1239 the cities of Chernihiv and Pereslavl were defeated.. A trip to Kyiv is planned.
• December 6, 1240. Captured Kyiv. This further crippled the already shattered structure of the country. The powerfully fortified Kyiv was smashed by huge battering rams and rapids. The way to Southern Russia and Eastern Europe was opened.
• 1241. Palo Galicia-Volyn principality. After that, the actions of the Mongols stopped for a while.

In the spring of 1247, the Mongol-Tatars reached the opposite border of Russia and entered Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Batu put the created "Golden Horde" on the borders of Russia. In 1243, they began to accept and approve the princes of the regions into the horde. There were also large cities that survived against the Horde like Smolensk, Pskov and Novgorod. These cities tried to express their disagreement and resist the rule of Batu. The first attempt was made by the great Andrey Yaroslavovich. But his efforts were not supported by the majority of church and secular feudal lords, who, after so many battles and attacks, finally established business with the Mongol khans.

In short, after the established order, the princes and church feudal lords did not want to get off their seats and agreed to recognize the power of the Mongol khans and the established tribute extortion from the population. The plundering of Russian lands will continue.

The country had more and more attacks of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. And it was increasingly difficult to give a fitting rebuff to the robbers. In addition to the fact that the country was already pretty tired, the people, impoverished and downtrodden, the princely showdowns did not make it possible to get up from their knees.

In 1257, the Horde started a population census in order to securely establish a yoke and impose an unbearable tribute on the people. Become the unshakable and undeniable ruler of the Russian lands. Russia managed to defend its political system and reserved the right to build a social and political stratum.

The Russian land was subjected to endless painful invasions of the Mongols, which would last until 1279.

The overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia came in 1480. The Golden Horde began to gradually disintegrate. Many large principalities were divided and lived in constant skirmishes with each other. The liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongol yoke is the service of Prince Ivan III. Ruled from 1426 to 1505. The prince united the two major cities Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod and went to the goal of overthrowing the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

In 1478, Ivan III put forward a refusal to pay tribute to the Horde. In November 1480, the famous "standing on the Ugra River" took place. The name is characterized by the fact that neither side decided to start the battle. After spending a month on the river, the deposed Khan Akhmat broke camp and went to the Horde. How many years the Tatar-Mongol rule lasted, ruining and destroying the Russian people and Russian lands can now be answered with confidence. Mongolian yoke in Russia